A staggering 80 percent of the world’s 600 million estimated domestic cats are stray or feral animals. These cats face a number of problems including cars, infectious diseases, and predators. As game show host Bob Barker said at the end countless episodes of The Price is Right, spaying or neutering can help control the homeless pet population, in addition to overcrowding at shelters. Not to mention, keeping the feral cat population in check minimizes the risk of the critters preying on wild animals and threatening the ecosystem. 

[Related: Culver City is home to a unique cat versus coyote conflict.]

Now, a potential new method of kitty contraception that uses long-lasting injections to prevent ovulation is showing early promise. According to a study published June 6 in the journal Nature Communications, a single dose of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) gene therapy can induce long-term contraception in domestic cats. This potentially provides a safe and effective alternative to surgical spaying. 

AMH is a naturally occurring non-steroidal hormone produced in the ovaries of female mammals and inside the testes in males. Scientists had previously researched AMH as a way to protect ovarian reserve in those undergoing chemotherapy. This background helped the authors discover that raising AMH levels beyond a certain threshold suppressed the growth of ovarian follicles. This effectively prevents ovulation and thus conception. 

After switching their attention from rodents to felines, the team created an adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy vector that has a slightly altered version of the feline AMH gene. The Food and Drug Administration has approved human therapies that use similar AAV vectors to deliver therapeutic genes.

“A single injection of the gene therapy vector causes the cat’s muscles to produce AMH, which is normally only produced in the ovaries, and raises the overall level of AMH about 100 times higher than normal,” co-author and associate director of the Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital David Pépin said in a statement. Pépin is also an associate professor at Harvard Medical School.

In the study, six female cats were treated with the gene therapy at two different doses, while three cats were the controls. The team brought a male cat into the female colony for two four-month long mating trials. They followed the female cats for over two years, assessing the effect of the treatment on reproductive hormones, ovarian cycles, and fertility.

According to the results, all of the control cats produced kittens, but none of the cats that received the gene therapy got pregnant. Important hormones like estrogen were not affected by surprising ovarian follicle development and ovulation. The team didn’t observe any adverse effects on the treated female cats, showing that the gene therapy should be safe and well tolerated at the doses tested. 

[Related: Declawing cats is harmful. Do this instead.]

“The treatment maintained high AMH levels for over two years, and we’re confident that those contraceptive levels will be sustained in the animals for much longer,” co-author, veterinarian, and Massachusetts General Hospital research fellow Philippe Godin said in a statement. Godin added that more studies in a larger number of cats are needed to confirm these promising findings.

The team also notes that this technology may be a bit ahead of its time, as the infrastructure needed to produce enough doses to sterilize millions of cats with gene therapy has yet to be built. 

“Our goal is to show that safe and effective permanent contraception in companion animals can be achieved using gene therapy,” said Pépin. “And we hope that as the manufacturing capability of producing viral vectors increases with the rise of gene therapy in humans, delivering this contraceptive in the field to control unowned outdoor cat populations will become feasible.”

The post A new shot can be a safe and effective alternative to surgical spaying appeared first on Popular Science.

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It feels like nearly every week or so, someone’s quadrupedal robot gains yet another impressive (occasionally terrifying) ability or trick. But as cool as a Boston Dynamics Spot bot’s new capability may be, it’s hard to reliably compare newly developed talents to others when there still aren’t any industry standard metrics. 

Knowing this, a team of research scientists at Google are aiming to streamline evaluations through their new system that’s as ingenious as it is obvious: robot obstacle courses akin to dog agility competitions. It’s time to stretch those robotic limbs and ready the next generation of four-legged machines for Barkour.

[Related: This robot dog learned a new trick—balancing like a cat.]

“[W]hile researchers have enabled robots to hike or jump over some obstacles, there is still no generally accepted benchmark that comprehensively measures robot agility or mobility,” the team explained in a blog post published last week. “In contrast, benchmarks are driving forces behind the development of machine learning, such as ImageNet for computer vision, and OpenAI Gym for reinforcement learning (RL).” As such, “Barkour: Benchmarking Animal-level Agility with Quadruped Robots” aims to rectify that missing piece of research.

In simple terms, the Barkour agility course is nearly identical to many dog courses, albeit much more compact at 5-by-5 meters to allow for easy setup in labs. The current standard version includes four unique obstacles—a line of poles to weave between, an A-frame structure to climb up and down, a 0.5m broad jump, and finally, a step up onto an end table.

To make sure the Barkour setup was fair to robots mimicking dogs, the team first offered up the space to actual canines—in this case, a small group of “dooglers,” aka Google employees’ own four-legged friends. According to the team, small dogs managed to complete the course in around 10 seconds, while robots usually take about double that time.

[Related: Dogs can understand more complex words than we thought.]

Scoring occurs between 0 and 1 for each obstacle, and is based on target times set for small dogs in novice agility competitions (around 1.7m/s). In all, each quadrupedal robot must complete all five challenges, but is given penalties for failing, skipping stations, or maneuvering too slowly through the course.

“We believe that developing a benchmark for legged robotics is an important first step in quantifying progress toward animal-level agility,” explained the team, adding that, moving forward, the Barkour system potentially offers industry researchers an “easily customizable” benchmark.

The post Google engineers used real dogs to develop an agility course for robots appeared first on Popular Science.

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This story was first published on June 3, 2013. It covered the most up-to-date technology in bomb detection at the time, with a focus on research based off canine olfaction. Today, dogs still hold an edge to chemical sensors with their noses: They’ve even been trained to sniff out bed bugs, the coronavirus, and homemade explosives like HMTDs.

IT’S CHRISTMAS SEASON at the Quintard Mall in Oxford, Alabama, and were it not a weekday morning, the tiled halls would be thronged with shoppers, and I’d probably feel much weirder walking past Victoria’s Secret with TNT in my pants. The explosive is harmless in its current form—powdered and sealed inside a pair of four-ounce nylon pouches tucked into the back pockets of my jeans—but it’s volatile enough to do its job, which is to attract the interest of a homeland defender in training by the name of Suge.

Suge is an adolescent black Labrador retriever in an orange DO NOT PET vest. He is currently a pupil at Auburn University’s Canine Detection Research Institute and comes to the mall once a week to practice for his future job: protecting America from terrorists by sniffing the air with extreme prejudice.

Olfaction is a canine’s primary sense. It is to him what vision is to a human, the chief input for data. For more than a year, the trainers at Auburn have honed that sense in Suge to detect something very explicit and menacing: molecules that indicate the presence of an explosive, such as the one I’m carrying.

The TNT powder has no discernible scent to me, but to Suge it has a very distinct chemical signature. He can detect that signature almost instantly, even in an environment crowded with thousands of other scents. Auburn has been turning out the world’s most highly tuned detection dogs for nearly 15 years, but Suge is part of the school’s newest and most elite program. He is a Vapor Wake dog, trained to operate in crowded public spaces, continuously assessing the invisible vapor trails human bodies leave in their wake.

Unlike traditional bomb-sniffing dogs, which are brought to a specific target—say, a car trunk or a suspicious package—the Vapor Wake dog is meant to foil a particularly nasty kind of bomb, one carried into a high traffic area by a human, perhaps even a suicidal one. In busy locations, searching individuals is logistically impossible, and fixating on specific suspects would be a waste of time. Instead, a Vapor Wake dog targets the ambient air.

As the bombing at the Boston marathon made clear, we need dogs—and their noses. As I approach the mall’s central courtyard, where its two wings of chain stores intersect, Suge is pacing back and forth at the end of a lead, nose in the air. At first, I walk toward him and then swing wide to feign interest in a table covered with crystal curios. When Suge isn’t looking, I walk past him at a distance of about 10 feet, making sure to hug the entrance of Bath & Body Works, conveniently the most odoriferous store in the entire mall. Within seconds, I hear the clattering of the dog’s toenails on the hard tile floor behind me.

As Suge struggles at the end of his lead (once he’s better trained, he’ll alert his handler to threats in a less obvious manner), I reach into my jacket and pull out a well-chewed ball on a rope—his reward for a job well done—and toss it over my shoulder. Christmas shoppers giggle at the sight of a black Lab chasing a ball around a mall courtyard, oblivious that had I been an actual terrorist, he would have just saved their lives.

That Suge can detect a small amount of TNT at a distance of 10 feet in a crowded mall in front of a shop filled with scented soaps, lotions, and perfumes is an extraordinary demonstration of the canine’s olfactory ability. But what if, as a terrorist, I’d spotted Suge from a distance and changed my path to avoid him? And what if I’d chosen to visit one of the thousands of malls, train stations, and subway platforms that don’t have Vapor Wake dogs on patrol?

Dogs may be the most refined scent-detection devices humans have, a technology in development for 10,000 years or more, but they’re hardly perfect. Graduates of Auburn’s program can cost upwards of $30,000. They require hundreds of hours of training starting at birth. There are only so many trainers and a limited supply of purebred dogs with the right qualities for detection work. Auburn trains no more than a couple of hundred a year, meaning there will always be many fewer dogs than there are malls or military units. Also, dogs are sentient creatures. Like us, they get sleepy; they get scared; they die. Sometimes they make mistakes.

As the tragic bombing at the Boston Marathon made all too clear, explosives remain an ever-present danger, and law enforcement and military personnel need dogs—and their noses—to combat them. But it also made clear that security forces need something in addition to canines, something reliable, mass-producible, and easily positioned in a multitude of locations. In other words, they need an artificial nose.

IN 1997, DARPA created a program to develop just such a device, targeted specifically to land mines. No group was more aware than the Pentagon of the pervasive and existential threat that explosives represent to troops in the field, and it was becoming increasingly apparent that the need for bomb detection extended beyond the battlefield. In 1988, a group of terrorists brought down Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270 people. In 1993, Ramzi Yousef and Eyad Ismoil drove a Ryder truck full of explosives into the underground garage at the World Trade Center in New York, nearly bringing down one tower. And in 1995, Timothy McVeigh detonated another Ryder truck full of explosives in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168. The “Dog’s Nose Program,” as it was called, was deemed a national security priority.

Over the course of three years, scientists in the program made the first genuine headway in developing a device that could “sniff” explosives in ambient air rather than test for them directly. In particular, an MIT chemist named Timothy Swager honed in on the idea of using fluorescent polymers that, when bound to molecules given off by TNT, would turn off, signaling the presence of the chemical. The idea eventually developed into a handheld device called Fido, which is still widely used today in the hunt for IEDs (many of which contain TNT). But that’s where progress stalled.

Olfaction, in the most reductive sense, is chemical detection. In animals, molecules bind to receptors that trigger a signal that’s sent to the brain for interpretation. In machines, scientists typically use mass spectrometry in lieu of receptors and neurons. Most scents, explosives included, are created from a specific combination of molecules. To reproduce a dog’s nose, scientists need to detect minute quantities of those molecules and identify the threatening combinations. TNT was relatively easy. It has a high vapor pressure, meaning it releases abundant molecules into the air. That’s why Fido works. Most other common explosives, notably RDX (the primary component of C-4) and PETN (in plastic explosives such as Semtex), have very low vapor pressures—parts per trillion at equilibrium and once they’re loose in the air perhaps even parts per quadrillion.

The machine “sniffed” just as a dog would and identified the explosive molecules. “That was just beyond the capabilities of any instrumentation until very recently,” says David Atkinson, a senior research scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in Richland, Washington. A gregarious, slightly bearish man with a thick goatee, Atkinson is the co-founder and “perpetual co-chair” of the annual Workshop on Trace Explosives Detection. In 1988, he was a PhD candidate at Washington State University when Pan Am Flight 103 went down. “That was the turning point,” he says. “I’ve spent the last 20 years helping to keep explosives off airplanes.” He might at last be on the verge of a solution.

When I visit him in mid-January, Atkinson beckons me into a cluttered lab with a view of the Columbia River. At certain times of the year, he says he can see eagles swooping in to poach salmon as they spawn. “We’re going to show you the device we think can get rid of dogs,” he says jokingly and points to an ungainly, photocopier–size machine with a long copper snout in a corner of the lab; wires run haphazardly from various parts.

Last fall, Atkinson and two colleagues did something tremendous: They proved, for the first time, that a machine could perform direct vapor detection of two common explosives—RDX and PETN—under ambient conditions. In other words, the machine “sniffed” the vapor as a dog would, from the air, and identified the explosive molecules without first heating or concentrating the sample, as currently deployed chemical-detection machines (for instance, the various trace-detection machines at airport security checkpoints) must. In one shot, Atkinson opened a door to the direct detection of the world’s most nefarious explosives.

As Atkinson explains the details of his machine, senior scientist Robert Ewing, a trim man in black jeans and a speckled gray shirt that exactly matches his salt-and-pepper hair, prepares a demonstration. Ewing grabs a glass slide soiled with RDX, an explosive that even in equilibrium has a vapor pressure of just five parts per trillion. This particular sample, he says, is more than a year old and just sits out on the counter exposed; the point being that it’s weak. Ewing raises this sample to the snout end of a copper pipe about an inch in diameter. That pipe delivers the air to an ionization source, which selectively pairs explosive compounds with charged particles, and then on to a commercial mass spectrometer about the size of a small copy machine. No piece of the machine is especially complicated; for the most part, Atkinson and Ewing built it with off-the-shelf parts.

Ewing allows the machine to sniff the RDX sample and then points to a computer monitor where a line graph that looks like an EKG shows what is being smelled. Within seconds, the graph spikes. Ewing repeats the experiment with C-4 and then again with Semtex. Each time, the machine senses the explosive.

A commercial version of Atkinson’s machine could have enormous implications for public safety, but to get the technology from the lab to the field will require overcoming a few hurdles. As it stands, the machine recognizes only a handful of explosives (at least nine as of April), although both Ewing and Atkinson are confident that they can work out the chemistry to detect others if they get the funding. Also, Atkinson will need to shrink it to a practical size. The current smallest version of a high-performance mass spectrometer is about the size of a laser printer—too big for police or soldiers to carry in the field. Scientists have not yet found a way to shrink the device’s vacuum pump. DARPA, Atkinson says, has funded a project to dramatically reduce the size of vacuum pumps, but it’s unclear if the work can be applied to mass spectrometry.

If Atkinson can reduce the footprint of his machine, even marginally, and refine his design, he imagines plenty of very useful applications. For instance, a version affixed to the millimeter wave booths now common at American airports (the ones that require passengers to stand with their hands in the air—also invented at PNNL, by the way) could use a tube to sniff air and deliver it to a mass spectrometer. Soldiers could also mount one to a Humvee or an autonomous vehicle that could drive up and sniff suspicious piles of rubble in situations too perilous for a human or dog. If Atkinson could reach backpack size or smaller, he may even be able to get portable versions into the hands of those who need them most: the marines on patrol in Afghanistan, the Amtrak cops guarding America’s rail stations, or the officers watching over a parade or road race.

Atkinson is not alone in his quest for a better nose. A research group at MIT is studying the use of carbon nanotubes lined with peptides extracted from bee venom that bind to certain explosive molecules. And at the French-German Research Institute in France, researcher Denis Spitzer is experimenting with a chemical detector made from micro-electromechanical machines (MEMs) and modeled on the antennae of a male silkworm moth, which are sensitive enough to detect a single molecule of female pheromone in the air.

Atkinson may have been first to demonstrate extremely sensitive chemical detection—and that research is all but guaranteed to strengthen terror defense—but he and other scientists still have a long way to go before they approach the sophistication of a dog nose. One challenge is to develop a sniffing mechanism. “With any electronic nose, you have to get the odorant into the detector,” says Mark Fisher, a senior scientist at Flir Systems, the company that holds the patent for Fido, the IED detector. Every sniff a dog takes, it processes about half a liter of air, and a dog sniffs up to 10 times per second. Fido processes fewer than 100 milliliters per minute, and Atkinson’s machine sniffs a maximum of 20 liters per minute.

Another much greater challenge, perhaps even insurmountable, is to master the mechanisms of smell itself.

OLFACTION IS THE OLDEST of the sensory systems and also the least understood. It is complicated and ancient, sometimes called the primal sense because it dates back to the origin of life itself. The single-celled organisms that first floated in the primordial soup would have had a chemical detection system in order to locate food and avoid danger. In humans, it’s the only sense with its own dedicated processing station in the brain—the olfactory bulb—and also the only one that doesn’t transmit its data directly to the higher brain. Instead, the electrical impulses triggered when odorant molecules bind with olfactory receptors route first through the limbic system, home of emotion and memory. This is why smell is so likely to trigger nostalgia or, in the case of those suffering from PTSD, paralyzing fear.

All mammals share the same basic system, although there is great variance in sensitivity between species. Those that use smell as the primary survival sense, in particular rodents and dogs, are orders of magnitude better than humans at identifying scents. Architecture has a lot to do with that. Dogs are lower to the ground, where molecules tend to land and linger. They also sniff much more frequently and in a completely different way (by first exhaling to clear distracting scents from around a target and then inhaling), drawing more molecules to their much larger array of olfactory receptors. Good scent dogs have 10 times as many receptors as humans, and 35 percent of the canine brain is devoted to smell, compared with just 5 percent in humans.

Unlike hearing and vision, both of which have been fairly well understood since the 19th century, scientists first explained smell only 50 years ago. “In terms of the physiological mechanisms of how the system works, that really started only a few decades ago,” says Richard Doty, director of the Smell and Taste Center at the University of Pennsylvania. “And the more people learn, the more complicated it gets.”

Whereas Atkinson’s vapor detector identifies a few specific chemicals using mass spectrometry, animal systems can identify thousands of scents that are, for whatever reason, important to their survival. When molecules find their way into a nose, they bind with olfactory receptors that dangle like upside-down flowers from a sheet of brain tissue known as the olfactory epithelium. Once a set of molecules links to particular receptors, an electrical signal is sent through axons into the olfactory bulb and then through the limbic system and into the cortex, where the brain assimilates that information and says, “Yum, delicious coffee is nearby.”

While dogs are fluent in the mysterious language of smell, scientists are only now learning the ABC’s.As is the case with explosives, most smells are compounds of chemicals (only a very few are pure; for instance, vanilla is only vanillin), meaning that the system must pick up all those molecules together and recognize the particular combination as gasoline, say, and not diesel or kerosene. Doty explains the system as a kind of code, and he says, “The code for a particular odor is some combination of the proteins that get activated.” To create a machine that parses odors as well as dogs, science has to unlock the chemical codes and program artificial receptors to alert for multiple odors as well as combinations.

In some ways, Atkinson’s machine is the first step in this process. He’s unlocked the codes for a few critical explosives and has built a device sensitive enough to detect them, simply by sniffing the air. But he has not had the benefit of many thousands of years of bioengineering. Canine olfaction, Doty says, is sophisticated in ways that humans can barely imagine. For instance, humans don’t dream in smells, he says, but dogs might. “They may have the ability to conceptualize smells,” he says, meaning that instead of visualizing an idea in their mind’s eye, they might smell it.

Animals can also convey metadata with scent. When a dog smells a telephone pole, he’s reading a bulletin board of information: which dogs have passed by, which ones are in heat, etc. Dogs can also sense pheromones in other species. The old adage is that they can smell fear, but scientists have proved that they can smell other things, like cancer or diabetes. Gary Beauchamp, who heads the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, says that a “mouse sniffing another mouse can obtain much more information about that mouse than you or I could by looking at someone.”

If breaking chemical codes is simple spelling, deciphering this sort of metadata is grammar and syntax. And while dogs are fluent in this mysterious language, scientists are only now learning the ABC’s.

THERE ARE FEW people who better appreciate the complexities of smell than Paul Waggoner, a behavioral scientist and the associate director of Auburn’s Canine Research Detection Institute. He has been hacking the dog’s nose for more than 20 years.

“By the time you leave, you won’t look at a dog the same way again,” he says, walking me down a hall where military intelligence trainees were once taught to administer polygraphs and out a door and past some pens where new puppies spend their days. The CRDI occupies part of a former Army base in the Appalachian foothills and breeds and trains between 100 and 200 dogs—mostly Labrador retrievers, but also Belgian Malinois, German shepherds, and German shorthaired pointers—a year for Amtrak, the Department of Homeland Security, police departments across the US, and the military. Training begins in the first weeks of life, and Waggoner points out that the floor of the puppy corrals is made from a shiny tile meant to mimic the slick surfaces they will encounter at malls, airports, and sporting arenas. Once weaned, the puppies go to prisons in Florida and Georgia, where they get socialized among prisoners in a loud, busy, and unpredictable environment. And then they come home to Waggoner.

What Waggoner has done over tens of thousands of hours of careful study is begin to quantify a dog’s olfactory abilities. For instance, how small a sample dogs can detect (parts per trillion, at least); how many different types of scents they can detect (within a certain subset, explosives for instance, there seems to be no limit, and a new odor can be learned in hours); whether training a dog on multiple odors degrades its overall detection accuracy (typically, no); and how certain factors like temperature and fatigue affect performance.

The idea that the dog is a static technology just waiting to be obviated really bothers Waggoner, because he feels like he’s innovating every bit as much as Atkinson and the other lab scientists. “We’re still learning how to select, breed, and get a better dog to start with—then how to better train it and, perhaps most importantly, how to train the people who operate those dogs.”

Waggoner even taught his dogs to climb into an MRI machine and endure the noise and tedium of a scan. If he can identify exactly which neurons are firing in the presence of specific chemicals and develop a system to convey that information to trainers, he says it could go a long way toward eliminating false alarms. And if he could get even more specific—whether, say, RDX fires different cells than PETN—that information might inform more targeted responses from bomb squads.

After a full day of watching trainers demonstrate the multitudinous abilities of CRDI’s dogs, Waggoner leads me back to his sparsely furnished office and clicks a video file on his computer. It was from a lecture he’d given at an explosives conference, and it featured Major, a yellow lab wearing what looked like a shrunken version of the Google Street View car array on its back. Waggoner calls this experiment Autonomous Canine Navigation. Working with preloaded maps, a computer delivered specific directions to the dog. By transmitting beeps that indicated left, right, and back, it helped Major navigate an abandoned “town” used for urban warfare training. From a laptop, Waggoner could monitor the dog’s position using both cameras and a GPS dot, while tracking its sniff rate. When the dog signaled the presence of explosives, the laptop flashed an alert, and a pin was dropped on the map.

It’s not hard to imagine this being very useful in urban battlefield situations or in the case of a large area and a fast-ticking clock—say, an anonymous threat of a bomb inside an office building set to detonate in 30 minutes. Take away the human and the leash, and a dog can sweep entire floors at a near sprint. “To be as versatile as a dog, to have all capabilities in one device, might not be possible,” Waggoner says.

Both the dog people and the scientists working to emulate the canine nose have a common goal: to stop bombs from blowing up. It’s important to recognize that both sides—the dog people and the scientists working to emulate the canine nose—have a common goal: to stop bombs from blowing up. And the most effective result of this technology race, Waggoner thinks, is a complementary relationship between dog and machine. It’s impractical, for instance, to expect even a team of Vapor Wake dogs to protect Grand Central Terminal, but railroad police could perhaps one day install a version of Atkinson’s sniffer at that station’s different entrances. If one alerts, they could call in the dogs.

There’s a reason Flir Systems, the maker of Fido, has a dog research group, and it’s not just for comparative study, says the man who runs it, Kip Schultz. “I think where the industry is headed, if it has forethought, is a combination,” he told me. “There are some things a dog does very well. And some things a machine does very well. You can use one’s strengths against the other’s weaknesses and come out with a far better solution.”

Despite working for a company that is focused mostly on sensor innovation, Schultz agrees with Waggoner that we should be simultaneously pushing the dog as a technology. “No one makes the research investment to try to get an Apple approach to the dog,” he says. “What could he do for us 10 or 15 years from now that we haven’t thought of yet?”

On the other hand, dogs aren’t always the right choice; they’re probably a bad solution for screening airline cargo, for example. It’s a critical task, but it’s tedious work sniffing thousands of bags per day as they roll by on a conveyor belt. There, a sniffer mounted over the belt makes far more sense. It never gets bored.

“The perception that sensors will put dogs out of business—I’m telling you that’s not going to happen,” Schultz told me, at the end of a long conference call. Mark Fisher, who was also on the line, laughed. “Dogs aren’t going to put sensors out of business either.”

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Best overall		MidWest Homes for Pets Eillo Folding Outdoor Wood Dog House		SEE IT	Available in multiple sizes, the sturdy construction keeps your pet safe from the elements.
Best double		PawHut Wood Cabin-Style Elevated Pet Shelter		SEE IT	This pick can house two dogs and is easy to maintain.
Best budget		Pet Republic Dog House		SEE IT	This affordable option offers an elevated floor and is ideal for small-to-medium dogs.

Setting up your four-legged friends with a cozy place to rest, like a dog house, is one of the easiest ways to help them feel secure. Dogs crave companionship, true, but they are also denning animals that need a space where they can go to get away if they are stressed or seek a break from typical household traffic. Granting your dog a dedicated sanctuary—whether it’s a dog crate or a full-fledged dog house—is a surefire way to bring them peace of mind in a communal space and provide a predictable place for them to park for naps, to shelter from inclement weather, and to use as a home base. While choosing the best dog house for your pet can seem tricky due to the many variations and styles available on the market, we’ve kept a few simple factors in mind so you can pick from a list that guarantees a perfect fit for your pooch.

• Best overall: MidWest Homes for Pets Eillo Folding Outdoor Wood Dog House
• Best all-weather: Petsfit Wooden Dog House
• Best for small breeds: WARE Premium Plus A-Frame Dog House
• Best extra-large: Confidence Pet XL Waterproof Plastic Dog Kennel
• Best double: PawHut Wood Cabin-Style Elevated Pet Shelter
• Best indoor: Casual Home Wooden Large Pet Crate
• Best for travel: Enventur Inflatable Dog House
• Best budget: Pet Republic Dog House

How we chose the best dog houses

We’re big dog lovers at Popular Science. There’s no shortage of gear to buy for your canine, but we look for items that can genuinely help improve your pet’s life. Our dog house selections provide valuable shelter from both the cold and the heat. We examined the quality of build materials, size, appropriateness for different breeds, insulation, ventilation, and price. We also considered user reviews in compiling our list of recommendations.

The best dog houses: Reviews & Recommendations

Whether you’ve got a terrier who loves to bask in the sun or an older dog that can use some insulation during the winter months, these dog houses can help keep your pet stay safe and cozy through the seasons.

Best overall: MidWest Homes for Pets Eillo Folding Outdoor Wood Dog House

Midwest Homes for Pets

SEE IT

Specs

• Sizes: Small, medium, large
• Dimensions: Medium (25.24 inches D x 40.6 inches W x 29.1 inches H)
• Materials: Wood, asphalt, metal
• Weight: 35.7 pounds

Pros

• Easy to assemble
• Made of wood
• Comes in three sizes

Cons

• Insulation kit has to be ordered separately

The Eilio Folding Outdoor Wood Dog House checks all the major requirements for shelter for your canine. Made of water-resistant wood, this dog house comes in a beige stain that’s attractive while easily able to blend in with the surroundings. The roof is made of asphalt to protect against the elements, and the elevated floor keeps dogs off the wet ground. This model is available in small, medium, and large sizes to fit a range of breeds. If you’re looking for an insulated dog house, you can purchase a tailored kit for each size. Setup is easy and doesn’t require any tools. And the dog house comes with a one-year warranty. Add another layer of comfort with a dog bed.

Best all-weather: Petsfit Wooden Dog House

Petsfit

SEE IT

Specs

• Sizes: Small, medium, and large
• Dimensions: 19 inches D x 41 inches W x 27.5 inches H (medium)
• Materials: Finnish spruce, stainless steel, asphalt
• Weight: 46.3 pounds

Pros

• Attractive design
• Waterproof
• Easy to assemble and clean
• Comes in three sizes

Cons

• Some users say the wood is lightweight and flimsy
• Not insulated

Available in three sizes (small, medium, and large) and multiple colors (grey, light grey, red, and yellow and white), this dog house from Petsfit offers ample protection for your pup, regardless of size. It uses stainless steel hardware and asphalt shingles to offer a durable shelter. The roof can be opened up for easy cleaning. A raised floor keeps your pet from dealing with the soggy ground.

Best for small breeds: WARE Premium Plus A-Frame Dog House

Ware

SEE IT

Specs

• Sizes: Small, medium, large, and extra large
• Dimensions: Small (20 inches L x 28 inches W x 30 inches H)
• Materials: Wood
• Weight: 32.6 pounds

Pros

• Attractive design
• Waterproof
• Easy to assemble

Cons

• A few users said the product arrived with broken parts
• Some extra parts (including door) sold separately

Just because you may not be able to afford a rustic cabin in the woods doesn’t mean you can’t help your Chihuahua lead its best life. WARE’s Premium Plus A-Frame Dog House is a top-of-the-line house for small dogs. This modern dog house will likely inspire some envy with its architectural look, but it’s also designed with waterproof shingles to protect from the elements. Unfortunately, a door, porch, and insulation kit are considered add-ons and are sold separately, but this house does come with adjustable feet that keep your pooch away from the ground. And this modern dog house is available in sizes from small to extra large to accommodate a range of breeds.

Best extra-large: Confidence Pet XL Waterproof Plastic Dog Kennel

Confidence

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Specs

• Sizes: One
• Dimensions: 41 inches D x 38 inches W x 39 inches H
• Materials: Plastic
• Weight: 29.5 pounds

Pros

• Insulated
• Waterproof
• Durable

Cons

• Some users report plastic panels aren’t easy to assemble
• May be affected by strong winds

Looking for a big dog house for your Newfie or a Great Dane? This kennel from Confidence Pet is sized for large dogs, with an exterior that’s 41 inches long, 38 inches wide, and 39 inches tall. It has a wide entrance for easy access and is constructed out of waterproof plastic for easy assembly and enduring protection in the rain and snow. Two air vents allow your pet to stay cool in hot weather—an essential feature for any extra-large dog house.

Best double: PawHut Wood Cabin-Style Elevated Pet Shelter

PawHut

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Specs

• Size: One (comes in grey and natural wood)
• Dimensions: 59 inches L x 63.5 inches W x 39.25 inches H
• Materials: Fir wood
• Weight: 85 pounds

Pros

• Rustic look
• Designed for two dogs
• Raised construction protects pets from moisture

Cons

• Some users say it’s cheaply made
• Expensive
• Not large enough for big dogs

This durable pet shelter from PawHut is made of solid fir wood and has a total weight capacity of 286 pounds, making it one of the sturdiest and best double dog houses available. This large doghouse has a raised design and a big basking porch leading to its two living rooms with vinyl-curtained doorways. A hinged asphalt-finished roof offers plenty of protection for various weather conditions while still allowing easy cleanup, and its large side windows promote a healthy degree of airflow.

Best indoor: Casual Home Wooden Large Pet Crate and End Table

Casual Home

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Specs

• Sizes: Five 
• Dimensions: 27.5 inches L x 20 inches W x 24 inches H
• Materials: Wood 
• Weight: 28.25 pounds

Pros

• Attractive design
• Doubles as an end table
• Comes with lockable gate

Cons

• Will show chew marks
• Some users said the materials weren’t high quality

This dog crate from Casual Home doubles as a stylish end table, making it one of the best indoor “dog houses” for any space. It sports functional mission-style side slats for good ventilation, and the locking gate keeps your pet cozy and secure overnight or while you’re out. Its top offers ample space for lamps, beverages, and more. For another portable crate option, consider the Diggs Revol Dog Crate.

Best for travel: Enventur Inflatable Dog House

Diggs

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Specs

• Sizes: Small, medium, large
• Dimensions: Small (27 inches L x 18 inches W x 20 inches H)
• Materials: PVC, nylon mesh, metal 
• Weight: 13 pounds

Pros

• Easy to transport
• Lightweight
• Comfortable

Cons

• Not immediately available

Even traveling, having a few familiar comforts from home is nice for you. Your dog is no different, so Enventur’s Inflatable Dog House is super cool. Developed as part of a Kickstarter campaign, this dog house combines the durable PVC used in inflatable kayaks, bite-resistant mesh, and rust-resistant metal that can withstand the elements. Using the included adapter, you can inflate it with a standard manual or electric air pump in minutes. It’s designed with D-rings that attach inside your car to keep your pet secure as you travel to your destination. The floor and walls are cushioned to ensure a relaxing experience for your pooch, and mesh windows provide plenty of ventilation. And when you’re ready to pack up, the Enventur folds down flat and comes with handles for easy carry. It comes in small, medium, and large and is currently available for preorder.

Best budget: Pet Republic Dog House

Pet Republic

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Specs

• Sizes: Two (medium and large)
• Dimensions: 27.17 inches W x 25.6 inches D x 27.16 inches H
• Materials: Plastic
• Weight: Not available

Pros

• Provides ventilation
• Weather resistant
• Easy to clean

Cons

• Some users found it hard to assemble

If you’re in the market for cheap dog houses, consider this shelter from Pet Republic. This model is set apart from other budget dog houses by its thoughtful use of an elevated floor for better isolation during rain and a system of buckles and screws for assembly. It has an entrance of 17.7 inches tall and 10 inches wide, making it perfect for small to medium dogs of every kind, and it’s fairly lightweight, allowing users to move it about space as needed.

Things to consider when shopping for the best dog house

Your pet’s safety and comfort are paramount when picking the best dog house. Here are the factors you should take into consideration before making a purchase.

Materials

Dog house materials and insulation are another key design variant that determines whether an outside dog house suits your specific needs. Dogs living in temperate locations or spending equal time indoors and outdoors may do well with a standard wooden dog house for ample protection from mild rain or sunny days. Pets living in snowy or wet locales that reach lower temperatures, meanwhile, will gain much more from having a properly insulated dog house to provide their shelter (of course, pets should never be left unattended outdoors in freezing temperatures, so these dog products are meant as a short-term shelter for outdoor stays in bad weather).

Weather

While many designs of outdoor dog houses are available, only certain models offer a level of flexibility suitable for long-term use in various weather conditions. Wooden dog houses are fantastic for a temperate climate and dogs that primarily reside indoors. Still, if you’re looking to be prepared for any possible scenario, an insulated model finished with durable plastic will deliver in spades.

Insulated plastic designs are some of the best outdoor dog houses available due to their ability to withstand normal wear and tear from extreme environmental factors, including ultraviolet light, rain, and frost. This toughness allows them to provide consistent protection for your dog at a level superior to regular wood and to last much longer than less durable constructions, making them more effective in a wider range of situations. The plastic also provides a stable shell for foam insulation to reside within, which can add to the consistency of your pet’s comfort in cold and hot weather. Adjustable window vents and elevated flooring are other key aspects found in the best outdoor dog house designs, which provide a customizable level of comfort in any season and add resistance to flooding and excess cold.

Size of dog

It’s easy to see larger dogs as more resilient and more tolerant of the discomfort brought on by the elements, but they need shelter and comfort just as much as smaller pets. Of course, protecting your large dog from harsh sunlight and cold winds can pose a, well, bigger challenge if you’re dealing with a limited amount of outdoor space, so it’s crucial to select a properly sized design that provides ample shelter without introducing a cumbersome or restrictive obstacle to your yard.

The best extra-large dog houses on the market are constructed from durable plastics that are both lightweight and waterproof, allowing them to perform leaps and bounds above alternative wooden designs when it comes to flexibility. Besides, wooden constructions in this size class tend to be heavy and difficult to move around when needed. And, unlike most wooden dog houses, plastic designs also won’t require any extra finishing on the user’s part if they want true waterproof performance.

Number of dogs

Pet owners with more than one dog may prefer a double dog house over a traditional offering due to their fun apartment-style designs and space-saving efficiency. Double dog houses provide the perfect alternative to buying multiple outdoor shelters at once and also offer your pets the option of sticking together rather than having separate dwellings, which is an important consideration for these companionship-driven pack animals.

When shopping for the best double dog house for your yard, you may want to maximize your space by selecting a design that offers a dedicated exterior common area, like a porch or basking area. Models that integrate thoughtful features like this allow your dogs to enjoy extra comfort and convenience not normally afforded by resting on the ground. As is the case with single outdoor dog houses, the best double dog house should also be elevated somewhat to achieve better insulation and isolation from snow, ice, and water.

Size of house

Proper sizing is one of the most significant and misunderstood factors that come into play when shopping for the best dog houses for family pets. While traditional human-centric logic may suggest that a dog house with extra interior space to spare is more desirable, the opposite is actually true when it comes to dogs. 

Sure, an extra-large dog needs an extra-large dog house, but there’s actually no benefit, and there may be a detriment, to an extra-extra-large design. A model that’s too big for your pet won’t retain their body heat like a snug design, which is especially crucial to consider when shopping for an outdoor dog house that can be used in cold weather. In addition, dogs in the toilet training process are prone to soiling a designated area in their dog house if given the space to comfortably do so without messing in their resting area. For these reasons, it’s generally recommended that dog houses offer no more space than required for your pet to enter, turn around, and comfortably lie down.

Decor

The best indoor “dog houses” combine the elegance and simplicity of fine home furnishings with the security and comfort that only a dedicated shelter can provide. To avoid ending up with an indoor den that’s intrusive or cumbersome, it’s a good idea to choose a piece that can blend in with your existing furniture collection and provide some measure of versatility by doubling as an end table or other useful piece of furniture. Doing so will ensure that you not only save valuable indoor space, but also you end up with a resting place for your dog that’s much more durable and lasting than a traditional plush indoor dog house.

Many indoor options include swiveling containment doors and function more as dog crates, which is useful for providing an extra level of security and comfort for your dog, as well as a measure of discipline and regularity. An indoor sanctuary with a closing door can keep your pet safely contained in short-term situations where you don’t want them roaming around (say, when you’re running errands or seeing a movie) and help them grow accustomed to a bedtime and wake-up routine.

Price

A sturdy dog house that provides reliable comfort and protection isn’t exactly easy to find on the cheap, but if you’re willing to make a few compromises and forgo some of the flexibility found in more pricey offerings, you can find a suitable model for low-impact use on a budget. The best inexpensive choices are more sheds than houses and are made of durable plastics that offer natural resistance to the weather, allowing your pet to stay dry and the structure to last. Due to the fact that wood is both more absorbent and more expensive than plastics, this is actually one of the more desirable features of less expensive plastic dog houses.

Insulated dog house models are also difficult to acquire on a budget, and it’s important to note that waterproof plastic isn’t really meant for prolonged shelter in inclement weather. Adjustable ventilation is also not typically found at a lower price point, but choosing a house with static vents is a great way to ensure your pet stays cool and comfortable in hot weather.

FAQs

The final word on the best dog houses

• Best overall: MidWest Homes for Pets Eillo Folding Outdoor Wood Dog House
• Best all-weather: Petsfit Wooden Dog House
• Best for small breeds: WARE Premium Plus A-Frame Dog House
• Best extra-large: Confidence Pet XL Waterproof Plastic Dog Kennel
• Best double: PawHut Wood Cabin-Style Elevated Pet Shelter
• Best indoor: Casual Home Wooden Large Pet Crate
• Best for travel: Enventur Inflatable Dog House
• Best budget: Pet Republic Dog House

Finding the best dog house for your canine companion comes down to ensuring that the size is appropriate for their breed and that the material is appropriate for the environment where it will be used. While wood is a great material for outdoor dog houses in temperate locations, insulated plastic is the preferred construction for wetter and colder climes. The best designs should have an elevated floor to isolate your pet from the elements. Allowing your dog access to its own comfy space is important for maintaining its sense of comfort and security while protecting its long-term physical and emotional well-being.

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

The post The best dog houses of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Best overall		Frisco Wire Dog & Small Pet Exercise Pen		SEE IT	Safe for your floors, this aesthetically-pleasing dog pen also features a lockable doggy door.
Best for large dogs		BestPet Pet Playpen Exercise Pen		SEE IT	Perfect for enclosing the big dogs outside while encouraging them to have plenty of room to play!
Best for travel		EliteField 2-Door Soft Pet Playpen		SEE IT	Easy to pack and ideal for traveling either to a hotel or a campsite.

Whether you are indoors, outdoors, or on the road, dog pens are an essential tool for pets and pet owners alike. They can safely keep a mischievous puppy from chasing other animals or gnawing on the living-room furniture, provide an exercise space as a dog run, or help with obedience or anti-anxiety training. Whether you’re searching for one of the best dog pens for your living room, backyard, or to take on the road, here’s how to find the best option for you and your furry friend.

• Best overall: Frisco Wire Dog & Small Pet Exercise Pen
• Best for small dogs and puppies: ESK Collection Puppy Dog Playpen
• Best for large dogs: BestPet Pet Playpen Exercise Pen
• Best for indoors: North States Mypet Petyard Passage
• Best for outdoors: Richell Convertible Indoor/Outdoor Pet Playpen
• Best for travel: EliteField Soft Pet Playpen
• Best budget: PETMAKER Exercise Playpen

How we chose the best dog pens

When you’re leaving your pet home for a few hours or are working in the backyard, a dog pen is a good solution to keep your canine secure while still providing room to play. We researched options from leading brands, including Chewy, BestPet, and Petmaker, to compile our list of recommendations. We considered the quality of material; the ability to customize shape and size for different breeds; whether the dog pen is designed for the outdoors, indoors, or can work in both; and user experiences. We also considered durability and price in making our picks.

The best dog pens: Reviews & Recommendations

The dog play pens on the market range from large metal pens designed to keep big dogs secure in the backyard to smaller, cushioned dogs pens that are easily transportable for traveling with your pet. Whether you’re looking for an option for your living room, backyard, or a campsite, you should find an option that works for you and your dog.

Best overall: Frisco Wire Dog & Small Pet Exercise Pen

Chewy

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Specs

• Dimensions: 62 inches L x 62 inches W x 36 inches H (36-inch model)
• Material: Metal
• Sizes: Five (24, 30, 36, 42, 48 inches)

Pros

• Comes in five sizes and can customize shape
• Can attach to a second pen to double space
• Works indoors and out

Cons

• Some users say the metal bends easily
• Dogs may get paws caught

A dog pen should provide room for your pet to play while keeping your canine safe and secure. The versatile Frisco Wire Dog & Small Pet Exercise Pen does a good job of both. Made of sturdy metal wire, this pen comes in five sizes (24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 inches) that allow you to provide more space. The system also allows you to join two of the pens together with snap hooks. And you can customize the shape of the right panels and customize the shape into a square, rectangle, or octagon to best fit your place. 

The versatile Frisco dog pen also works both indoors and outdoors and comes with metal anchors to secure it into the ground and keep it in place. It’s also designed with double-locking doors and high walls to keep your pet securely inside. And when you’re done using it, this foldable dog pen is easy to collapse and store or take on the road with you.

Best for small dogs and puppies: ESK Collection Puppy Dog Playpen

ESK Collection

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Specs

• Dimensions: 48 inches L x 48 inches W x 25 inchesH
• Material: Mesh
• Sizes: One

Pros

• Cushioned
• Made from breathable mesh
• Comes in four colors (pink, red, blue, black)

Cons

• Only available in one size
• Some users say material tears easily

The ESK Collection Puppy Dog Playpen is a great option for small dogs and small spaces. At 48 inches by 25 inches, this small dog pen is available in black, pink, red, and blue. It’s made with Oxford cloth and mesh material that is breathable, durable, and waterproof. This puppy pen also features quality zippers and Velcro to keep your pooch inside. And when you’re done, reward the pup with one of these treats for your dog.

Best for large dogs: BestPet Pet Playpen Exercise Pen

BestPet

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Specs

• Dimensions: Comes in oval and rectangular shapes 
• Material: Metal
• Sizes: 24, 23, and 40 inches high; 8, 16, 24, and 32 panels

Pros

• Range of sizes and heights
• Spacious
• Metal is rust-resistant

Cons

• Some users say the metal is lightweight 

The heavy-duty metal BestPet Pet Playpen Exercise Pen features eight panels that can easily be set up into rectangle, octagon, and circle shapes that will keep your pooch intrigued when he enters. With a perimeter of 126 inches, this large dog pen allows your dog to run around freely and safely solo or with other dog friends, making it an ideal dog exercise pen. The rust-resistant metal works both indoors and outdoors, and its foldable structure is simple to set up and break down. 

Best for indoors: North States Mypet Petyard Passage

MYPET

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Specs

• Dimensions: 35.25 inches L x 10.3 inches W x 26.5 inches H (8 panel)
• Material: Plastic
• Sizes: Two (8 and 6 panels)

Pros

• Designed with lockable door
• Portable
• Comes with pads to avoid scratching floors

Cons

• Some users say latch is not secure
• Some dogs can climb out

If you’re in search of an indoor dog pen, the North States Mypet Petyard Passage creates up to 34.4 square feet of play room, and includes a swinging doggy door, which you can lock as you please. It comes with eight panels, and can be made smaller by removing two panels at a time. The assembly is super simple, thanks to its foldable panels, lightweight build, and carry-strap. Now that your pet is safe, keep him healthy with the help of these top vitamins for dogs.

Best for outdoors: Richell Convertible Indoor/Outdoor Pet Playpen

Richell

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Specs

• Dimensions: 63.8 inches L x 33.1 inches W x 36 inches H
• Material: Plastic
• Sizes: 6 and 4 panels

Pros

• Can adjust from hexagon to square
• Converts into gate
• Works indoors and outside

Cons

• Designed for small dogs only
• Some users say dogs can easily get out

Recommended for dogs up to 88 pounds, the Richell Convertible Indoor/Outdoor Pet Playpen can be used indoors or outdoors due to its easy-to-clean and durable plastic construction. This plastic dog pen features specially designed caps that lock the panels for extra stability, customizable panels, a lockable gate door, and a convertible pet comfort mat (for the six- panel hexagonal configuration) which can be used as a top for shade protection or a mat for paw comfort. This indoor and outdoor dog pen is also available with four or six panels for optimum sizing.

Best for travel: EliteField Soft Pet Playpen

EliteField

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Specs

• Dimensions: 62 inches L x 62 inches W x 36 inches H; 30 inches L x 30 inches W x 20 inches H; 42 inches L x 42 inches W x 24 inches H; 48 inches L x 48 inches W x 32 inches H; 62 inches L x 62 inches W x 24 inches H; 62 inches L x 62 inches W x 30 inches H; 36 inches L x 36 inches W x 24 inches H; 52 inches L x 52 inches W x 32 inches H
• Material: Mesh
• Sizes: 8

Pros

• Easy to transport and set up
• Designed with breathable mesh
• Comes with floor pads that are easy to clean

Cons

• Some users had issues with the quality of the material and zipper

In the market for a portable dog pen? Consider the EliteField Soft Pet Playpen. It’s designed for safety, with both doors featuring locking zippers. This dog pen also includes two accessory pockets (never lose your treats or leash!) and a water bottle with holder. You’ll get a removable zip-off portion as well as a floor mat and top cover that can be put in the wash. The material is well-ventilated, lightweight, and stylish (it comes in eight different colorways!).

Best budget: PETMAKER Exercise Playpen

PETMAKER

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Specs

• Dimensions: 58 inches L x 60 inches W x 30 inches H
• Material: Steel
• Sizes:  One (30-inch x 24-inch panels)

Pros

• Budget-friendly
• Durable
• Easy to set up and store

Cons

• Only comes in one size
• Not customizable

The budget-friendly PETMAKER Exercise Playpen is ideal for pups up to 40 pounds. It includes eight ground anchors, four snaps for extra safety, and an easy-access door for the pooches to enter. It folds flat for convenient storage when you no longer need it, and is made with durable coated steel panels with a black epoxy finish that will protect it against the elements over time. And if your pet appreciates a challenge, try one of these great dog puzzles.

Things to consider when buying a dog pen

Dog pens are enclosed spaces that ensure your pet is safely confined (hello, owner peace of mind!), while not having him feel as limited as he would if put in a crate. They come in many different shapes and sizes, can be used in different environments, and have been designed for different purposes, like training and/or exercise. When thinking about which dog pen is best for you, consider these factors.

Size

Dog pens are meant to provide safe and enjoyable experiences for dogs and their owners alike. Your pooch won’t be so thrilled if this new enclosure feels like a jail cell, so it’s vital to ensure the space is large enough for your dog to trot around a bit and play with its dog toys. Plus, if your pup thinks that the dog pen is an awesome place to be, there will be no problems encouraging your pooch to get in next time! 

Not only do you have to consider the size of your puppy or dog (the larger the dog, the larger the pen), but you also need to bear in mind the measurements of the space you are planning on occupying (the smaller the room, the smaller the pen). Also consider your dog’s ability to run around and keep the height of the enclosure in mind so they can’t jump out. This is important for those crazy jumpers! Make sure the height makes sense as compared with the height of your dog’s typical jump.

Location

There are dog pens designed for indoor-only use, outdoor-only use, and some that can cover both categories. If you know it will be inside, you can basically have your pick of the litter of what type of material you want. If you plan to use your pen outdoors, you’ll have to consider the elements. You can easily find an outdoor dog pen that’s waterproof, rust-resistant, and durable enough to last.

Portability

Consider you and your pooch’s lifestyle, too! If you like to hit the road and travel at times, you may want to invest in a portable playpen that is easy to transport—you’ll be able to get your adventures in while having peace of mind that your pooch is in a safe place. 

If you want to take your new dog pen with you on a trip, or simply put it in storage for some time, check out how easy or difficult it is to pack up and move. Some are made with this in mind, while others are better off staying put in one place. In line with portability, make sure you read the assembly instructions before buying so you know what you are getting yourself into!

Price

If you are hoping to keep your pup safely confined to one space, but don’t want to pay a pretty penny for a new product, look no further than this budget option.

FAQs

The final word on the best dog pens

• Best overall: Frisco Wire Dog & Small Pet Exercise Pen
• Best for small dogs and puppies: ESK Collection Puppy Dog Playpen
• Best for large dogs: BestPet Pet Playpen Exercise Pen
• Best for indoors: North States Mypet Petyard Passage
• Best for outdoors: Richell Convertible Indoor/Outdoor Pet Playpen
• Best for travel: EliteField Soft Pet Playpen
• Best budget: PETMAKER Exercise Playpen

There are many great options on the market for dog pens. Once you figure out where you’ll be situating your dog pen and match the size of the pen to your pooch (and possibly his or her doggie friends), it’s smooth sailing! Get on with your day while you enjoy peace of mind knowing your pet is secure.

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

The post The best dog pens of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Are you curious about what your pet does when you’re not home? The result could be heartwarming or heartbreaking—or you could just learn that they bark at whoever is delivering mail or walking by. Find out if your pet is a menace or an angel behind your back with a Ring Indoor Camera, on sale as part of Amazon Pet Day, which is today—and today only.

Ring Indoor Cam (1st Gen) $39.99 (Was $59.99)

Amanda Reed

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The Ring Indoor Camera is small and discreet, letting you hear and even speak to your pets from a phone, tablet, or Echo device. It’s a great introductory indoor camera at an even better price. If you already have a Ring doorbell, you’re in luck if you add a Ring Indoor Camera—you can access all of your cameras in the Ring app. Set-up is easy—all you have to do is place the camera on a flat surface or mount it to the wall with a separate wall mount and scan the QR code on the back of the device. We personally love using Live View to see if our pets are snoozing on the couch, running around and meowing, or making a mess by rooting around in the litterbox, with Live Notifications letting us know if the plumber has decided to make a surprise visit.

Amazon Pet Day is one day only—here are other Pet Day deals we think you should take advantage of:

Pet cameras

• Furbo 360° Dog Camera $147 (Was $210)
• Petcube Cam Indoor Wi-Fi Pet and Security Camera with Phone App $29.99 (Was $49.99)

Feeders, bowls, and fountains

• PETLIBRO Cat Water Fountain $23.99 (Was $39.99)
• PETLIBRO Automatic Cat Feeder $55.99 (Was $89.99)
• PETLIBRO Automatic Cat Feeder for Two Cats $69.99 (Was $109.99)
• PETLIBRO Automatic Cat Feeder with Camera for 2 Cats w. 1080p Camera $109.99 (Was $149.99)
• PETLIBRO Automatic Cat Feeder with Camera (One Cat) $99.99 (Was $159.99)
• PETLIBRO Automatic Dog Feeder $63.99 (Was $89.99)
• FUKUMARU Elevated Cat Ceramic Bowls $21.92 (Was $37.99)
• UPSKY 70oz Dog Water Bowl 2L $17.84 (Was $30.99)
• FOREYY Raised Pet Bowls for Cats and Small Dogs $16.99 (Was $29.99)
• Amazon Basics Stainless Steel Pet Dog Water And Food Bowl $12.99 (Was $15.74)
• Amazon Basics Gravity Pet Waterer for Dogs and Cats $16.47 (Was $21.87)
• Hyper Pet IQ Treat lick mat for Dogs $11.96 (Was $14.95)
• Wonder Creature Cat Water Fountain with Stainless Steel Lid $17.99 (Was $34.99)
• PetSafe Drinkwell Platinum Pet Fountains $48.95 (Was $54.95)

Treats, chews, and vitamins

• Zesty Paws Allergy Immune Supplement for Dogs $23.18 (Was $28.97)
• Zesty Paws Probiotics for Dogs $23.18 (Was $28.97)
• Zesty Paws Turmeric Curcumin for Dogs $23.18 (Was $28.97)
• Zesty Paws Training Treats for Dogs & Puppies $11.18 (Was $13.97)
• Solid Gold SeaMeal Multivitamin for Cats & Dogs $21.59 (Was $26.99)
• Solid Gold Calming Chews for Dogs $18.39 (Was $24.97)
• Solid Gold Wet Cat Food Variety Pack $17.59 (Was $21.99)
• Pet Honesty Dog Allergy Relief Chews Max Strength $27.99 (Was $39.99)
• Pet Honesty Hemp Hip & Joint Supplement for Dogs $27.99 (Was $39.99)
• Pet Honesty Salmon SkinHealth for Dogs $18.89 (Was $26.99)
• Pet Honesty Flea & Tick Defense Supplement $19.59 (Was $28.99)
• PetHonesty Grass Green Grass Burn Spot Chews for Dogs $18.89 (Was $28.99)
• PetHonesty Omega-3 Fish Oil for Dogs $19.59 (Was $28.99)
• PetHonesty PureMobility Glucosamine for Dogs $27.99 (Was $38.92)
• PetHonesty Cat Hairball Support Chews $8.39 (Was $11.99)
• Pet Honesty Digestive Probiotics Max Strength for Cats Supplement $18.99 (Was $32.99)
• PetHonesty Calming Chews for Cats $8.39 (Was $11.99)
• PetHonesty Cat Hip & Joint Health Chews $8.39 (Was $11.99)
• PetHonesty Immune Health Lysine $17.49 (Was $24.99)

Toys, beds, and stairs

• PETLIBRO Interactive Mouse Cat Toy for Indoor Cats $18.99 (Was $25.99)
• PETMAKER 80-PET6016 High Density Foam Pet Stairs, Gray $37.99 (Was $59.95)
• Chew King Fetch Balls $13.60 (Was $18.99)
• Wobble Wag Giggle Treat Ball $15.99 (Was $19.99)
• PetSafe SlimCat Meal-Dispensing Cat Toy $6.45 (Was $8.95)
• Benebone Tripe Bone Durable Dog Chew Toy for Aggressive Chewers $11.26 (Was $14.95)
• Nylabone Power Chew Textured Dog Chew Ring Toy $7.95 (Was $13.59)
• Nylabone Power Chew Toys Customer Favorites Bundle $20.19 (Was $44.99)
• PetSafe Busy Buddy Bristle Bone $9.95 (Was $15.99)
• Kitty City Large Cat Tunnel Bed $31.60 (Was $40.99)
• Minions: The Rise of Gru Stuart Plush Flat Crinkle Dog Toy $4.37 (Was $5.59)
• Nickelodeon for Pets Rugrats Reptar Figure Plush Dog Toy $6.39 (Was $7.99)

Pet cleaning products

• ChomChom Pet Hair Remover $25.45 (Was $31.95)
• Rocco & Roxie Carpet Cleaner Solution for Pets $18.98 (Was $34.25)
• Bodhi Dog Natural Pet Cologne $11.89 (Was $13.99)
• Boshel Dog Nail Clippers $12.99 (Was $15.99)
• GoPets Dematting Comb with 2-Sided Professional Grooming Rake for Cats & Dogs $27.99 (Was $46.99)
• Pat Your Pet Deshedding Brush $8.47 (Was $18.39)
• Earth Rated Dog Poop Bags $11.19 (Was $13.99)

Pet care

• FRONTLINE Plus For Cats and Kittens Flea and Tick Treatment, 6 Doses $53.19 (Was $70.90)
• FRONTLINE Plus for Dogs Flea and Tick Treatment (Extra Large Dog, 89-132 lbs.) 6 Doses (Red Box) $53.19 (Was $81.99)
• FRONTLINE Plus for Dogs Flea and Tick Treatment (Medium Dog, 23-44 lbs.) 6 Doses (Blue Box) $53.19 (Was 81.99)
• FRONTLINE Plus for Dogs and Puppies (Dogs 8 weeks or older 5 to 22 lbs.) Flea and Tick Treatment, 6 Doses (Orange Box) $53.19 (Was $75.99)
• FRONTLINE Plus for Dogs Flea and Tick Treatment (Large Dog, 45-88 lbs.) 8 Doses (Purple Box) $65.79 (Was $104.99)
• IRIS USA Premium Square Top Entry Cat Litter Box with Scoop $67.99 (Was $79.99)
• Fresh Step Lightweight Clumping Cat Litter $15.69 (Was $17.39)
• Artificial Grass Puppy Pee Pad for Dogs and Small Pets $30.99 (Was $39.95)
• neabot P1 Pro Pet Grooming Kit & Vacuum $127.49 (Was $179.99)
• PETKIT Extra Large Self Cleaning Cat Litter Box for Multi Cats $419 (Was $598)
• BV Pet Potty Training Pads for Dogs Puppy Pads $16.14 (Was $18.99)
• Cuby Dog and Cat Sling Carrier $17.99 (Was $24.95)

Tests

• Embark Breed Identification Kit $109 (Was $129)
• Allergy Test My Pet Dog Sensitivity and Intolerance Testing $80 (Was $107.99)

The post You only have today to take advantage of these Amazon Pet Day deals appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best for senior dogs		Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Natural Senior Dry Dog Food		SEE IT	Formulated with glucosamine, chondroitin, and essential proteins to support joints and mobility for your senior pooch.
Best for puppies		Taste of the Wild High Prairie Puppy Recipe		SEE IT	This pick is nutrient-rich and high protein to support bones, joints, and muscles. Real meat is also the first ingredient, so you can be sure your pup is getting only the best.
Best for sensitive stomachs		Canidae PURE Grain Free		SEE IT	For pups with sensitive stomachs, this hypoallergenic, grain-free option made with real meat and whole ingredients prevents any discomfort.

For many people, dogs are more than a pet—they’re a part of the family. Not only must dogs get exercise and grooming, but as beloved family members, they deserve the best nutrition available. The best dry dog foods contain all the nutrients a dog needs for his age, size, and health conditions. Dogs are carnivores, so the number one ingredient in any dry dog food should be a natural protein source. They also need a mix of fats and fiber to keep their coat, eyes, and joints healthy and happy. Dry dog foods are often the most economical choice. Plus, they store well and are easy to transport. We’ve created a list of some of the best dog food on the market, including formulas balanced for optimum nutrition, from puppy to senior recipes.

• Best for small dogs: Hill’s Science Diet Adult Small Paws
• Best for senior dogs: Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Natural Senior Dry Dog Food
• Best for sensitive stomachs: Canidae PURE Grain Free
• Best for puppies: Taste of the Wild High Prairie Puppy Recipe
• Best budget: Wag Dry Dog/Puppy Food

The best dry dog foods: Our picks

It’s a crowded market in the dry dog food section. New recipes and companies spring up seemingly overnight. Keep your dog’s age, size, and medical history in mind as you narrow down the options. The dry dog foods on our list contain high-quality ingredients and offer healthy nutrition for a wide range of dogs. 

Best for small dogs: Hill’s Science Diet Adult Small Paws

Hill’s Science Diet

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Hill’s Science Diet Adult Small Paws starts with high-quality chicken as the main protein source. With 24.9-percent crude protein, it’s heavy on the nutrients small dogs need. Kibble size and calorie density target the higher metabolism of small breeds. Hill’s Science Diet includes a special antioxidant blend designed specifically for the challenges of being a petite pup. This best dry dog food for small dogs is also rich in omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin E to support skin and coat health. 

Best for senior dogs: Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Natural Senior Dry Dog Food 

Blue Buffalo

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Blue Buffalo’s Life Protection Formula Natural Senior Dry Dog Food contains the 18-percent protein senior dogs need, along with a whole lot more. The recipe includes extra glucosamine, a compound found in the body’s connective tissues, and chondroitin sulfate, which maintains and rebuilds joint cartilage. Add to that natural sources of omega fatty acids and DHA to support the brain and eyes. The extra nutrients address areas that begin to decline in a dog’s later years. 

Best for sensitive stomachs: Canidae PURE Grain Free

CANIDAE

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Canidae PURE Grain Free comes in many flavors, each with a single protein source, including familiar options like chicken or duck and the less common wild boar or salmon. A greater variety of options helps those trying to narrow down a dog’s source of allergies or the reason for an upset stomach. Canidae also lists the very short ingredient list, eight in total, on the front of the package. It’s simple yet contains essential nutrients, such as the omega fatty acids needed for optimum skin and coat health. 

Best for puppies: Taste of the Wild High Prairie Puppy Recipe 

Taste of the Wild

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Taste of the Wild High Prairie Puppy Recipe gives puppies nutrients they need like DHA for their developing brain and eyes. Small kibble is easier for pint-sized mouths to chew, yet it’s crunchy to keep puppy teeth clean. The addition of probiotics in the best puppy food promotes digestive health by balancing the gut biome. The top two ingredients—water buffalo and lamb—are protein sources rich in essential amino acids for healthy growth and development. This recipe leaves out grains because they are a common source of allergies, but always check with a veterinarian to be sure grain-free is right for your junior dog.

Best budget: Wag Dry Dog/Puppy Food

WAG

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Wag Dry Dog/Puppy Food contains nutrients for adults and puppies in a single recipe. A high 35-percent protein content brings high levels of omega fatty acids and essential amino acids. Because it’s designed for puppies, it also contains DHA to feed brain and eye development and health. Wag comes in five flavors, each with a protein as the first and most plentiful ingredient on the list. Medium-sized kibble works for adults and isn’t too big for puppies.

What to consider when shopping for the best dry dog foods

Dog foods aren’t created with equal nutritive value. The ingredients’ quality, nutrient content, and kibble size all play a role in which one is right for your dog. Breeds of different sizes also have different nutritional needs. A food that’s tailored to your dog’s individual traits and circumstances will ensure he has the energy for all of your adventures together.

Dog age and food requirements

Like humans, a dog’s nutritional needs change throughout his life. Dogs need calorie-dense food with omega fatty acids and DHA for brain and vision development during the puppy years. They also need foods with a balanced calcium to phosphorus ratio for adequate bone development. Additionally, puppy foods often have smaller or softer kibble for little jaws that don’t function at full strength. 

Depending on the breed, dogs l mature from puppyhood between one and two years old. In their adult years, they don’t need the extra calories found in puppy chow. Adult dogs who eat puppy food may gain too much weight. A high-quality dry dog food designed for adult dogs works well during this stage of life. 

Dogs enter their senior years around age seven, but that can vary by breed. For example, small breeds tend to live longer than large breeds, while a large breed may begin showing signs of aging around five years old. 

Senior dogs need the same nutrients as younger adult dogs. However, they tend to slow down and live a more sedentary lifestyle. Consequently, many senior dog foods have fewer calories or may be labeled as diet food. Some senior foods include extra vitamin E, beta-carotene, glucosamine, or other nutrients that support the immune system or joint health. Plus, many diets are even supplemented with specific dog vitamins.

Dog size and type of kibble

Size matters. Large dog breeds have slower metabolisms, burning only about 20 calories per pound. Small breeds burn around 40 calories per pound. The best dry dog food for small dogs usually has a higher caloric density than a recipe designed for larger dogs. Additionally, small dogs, especially toy breeds, may not have the jaw strength to eat the large kibble found in regular dry dog food.

Dog medical history and diet

Dogs can suffer from many of the same medical conditions found among humans, like food allergies, diabetes, and obesity. And as with people, a dog’s diet can help control some common health issues. For example, LID foods are usually made with a single (possibly two) protein source and a limited list of ingredients. They’re also made of less common protein sources like venison or buffalo instead of chicken or beef, to which more dogs are allergic. If your dog has stomach or digestive problems, the veterinarian may recommend an LID (Limited Ingredient Diet) food to help identify the specific allergy. Many manufacturers also make a grain-free version of their adult dog foods to accommodate canines with sensitive stomachs or allergies. 

Find high-quality sources of protein, healthy fats, and digestible carbohydrates in dog food

As carnivores, dogs have different nutritional needs than humans. They require a dry dog food made of at least 18-percent protein, no less than 5-percent fat, and around 5-percent fiber. Many dry dog foods have a label with a breakdown of the protein, fiber, fat, and carbohydrate percentages and content. 

Check for high-quality ingredients like natural sources of protein and whole vegetables and fruits. Ingredients are listed with the most abundant ingredient first. The first ingredient on the list should be an animal protein source like fish, chicken, or beef because they naturally contain the right balance of essential amino acids that dogs need. Some of the less expensive dog foods will contain meat by-products, which aren’t as high quality, nor do they contain everything your dog needs. They shouldn’t be the only protein source in the food. 

Related: Best dog treats of 2023

FAQs

Related: Best wet dog foods of 2023

The final word on shopping for the best dry dog foods

Your dog deserves the best dry dog food for his age, size, and medical needs. Many dry dog foods are budget-friendly and nutritionally sound. Whether your dog’s in need of the best puppy food, the best senior dog food, or somewhere in between, dry dog food can keep him fueled, healthy, and ready to live life with his favorite person (you). 

The post The best dry dog foods of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Best for large cats		FEANDREA Cat Tree for Large Cats		SEE IT	This cushy condo for big cats  is designed with anti-tipping technology for extra safety.
Best wooden cat tree		Vesper Modern Cat Tree		SEE IT	This eco-friendly modern design comes with a sisal scratching mat and memory-foam bed.
Best on a budget		AmazonBasics Cat Condo Tree Tower with Hammock Bed		SEE IT	Help your kitty get away from it all in this affordable hammock bed made with plush carpeting.

Does your cat enjoy scaling your cabinets and bookshelves? Do they spend every morning surveying their domain from the top of the refrigerator? A cat tree is a wonderful way to keep your cat occupied, especially if they have a fondness for high places. The majority also come equipped with scratching posts, which keep claws away from your beloved sofa. If your cat hides in closets and under beds, a cat tree house with covered shelters will provide them a sense of security and personal space. And all these options come stacked in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Do you need a towering kitty castle, or a cozy perch for a cat that just wants to loaf? Does your interior aesthetic call for a modern cat tower? From kitten to couch potato, we’ll go over the best cat tree for you and your feline’s specific needs.

• Best overall: Armarkat 77-inch Faux Fleece Cat Tree & Condo
• Best small: Frisco 32-inch Real Carpet Wooden Cat Tree
• Best for large cats: FEANDREA Cat Tree for Large Cats
• Best wooden: Vesper Modern Cat Tree
• Best budget: AmazonBasics Cat Condo Tree Tower with Hammock Bed

The best cat trees: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: Armarkat 77-inch Faux Fleece Cat Tree & Condo

Chewy

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The Armarkat stands over six feet high and boasts 10 scratching posts, six platforms, and two comfy condos. This feline fortress is built to handle the more exuberant kitty personalities, with a weight capacity of 80 pounds and a sturdy plywood structure. Your cat can govern from the highest perch of this large cat tree or spend all day snoozing in the privacy of a faux fleece cube.

Best small: Frisco 32-inch Real Carpet Wooden Cat Tree

Chewy

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The Frisco Cat Tree is a double-decker tower for your cat to stretch out on. This wooden cat tower is built to last all nine lives, with a handcrafted solid wood structure and two heavy-duty sisal rope posts. It’s wrapped in plush, household-grade carpet, with a familiar texture that every cat can enjoy. This small cat tree comes fully assembled with two luxurious platforms and a hanging toy. The base of this tree measures 20 inches on both sides.

Best for large cats: FEANDREA Cat Tree for Large Cats

FEANDREA

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The FEANDREA Cat Tree is a welcoming abode that won’t budge under pressure. The roomy cat condos and oversized plush perch provide an abundance of space for big cat naps. Each post is wrapped in natural sisal rope and reinforced with battens at the base of the tree. It also includes an anti-toppling wall attachment if you are super wary of tipping.

Best wooden: Vesper Modern Cat Tree

VESPER

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This cat tower is made with laminated MDF board and comes in three attractive shades: warm walnut, natural oak, and classic black. With a tall observation platform, cozy cat cube, and seagrass scratching posts, this modern cat tree will keep your cat occupied while complimenting your meticulously curated apartment. The sisal scratching mat and memory foam beds are easily removable for easy washing. Vesper Trees are built for lifelong use, and replacement parts for scratching poles, cushions, carpets, and toys are available.

Best budget: AmazonBasics Cat Condo Tree Tower with Hammock Bed

Amazon Basics

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This tower includes plush carpeting, an elevated hammock bed, two pillars wrapped in natural jute rope, and a hanging toy. The Amazon Basics cat tower is super easy to assemble and has a 15.7-inch base, but keep in mind that this condo is best for small and medium-sized cats and might be too snug for a larger breed.

Features to consider when buying a cat tree

There are a few features to keep in mind when shopping for your new cat tree. It is a good idea to designate a space in your home for your cat and keep the limitations of that space in mind. Sprawling homes can accommodate a large cat tree, but a tight apartment might require a more compact design. Then you will want to consider your cat’s activity level. Rambunctious kittens love to clamber up multilevel towers, but they are not as accessible for older cats; a cat with mobility issues will need a shorter model with wide platforms rather than a high-rise cat condo.

If your cat loves to scratch, it is important to choose a tower that they can’t wait to sink their needle-sharp nails into. The best cat tree will include a scratching material that you know your kitty loves, whether it’s sisal rope, jute, cardboard, or wood. And if your tabby loves to spread out, their dream tower will include ample space for afternoon catnaps. There’s a lot to choose from when it comes to pet products, so let’s break it down some more.

Related: Fulfill your cat’s dream of comfortable slumber with the best cat beds.

What’s the best for active cats?

The majority of house cats spend all day inside and they need a place to exert their bundles of energy. If you’re looking to entertain a cat that seems hellbent on toppling your bookshelves, a tall cat tree is an easy way to redirect their attention. If you have multiple cats, a large cat tower can accommodate three to four felines and prevent territorial scuffles. Tall cat towers are also a good way to stimulate and challenge curious kittens.

The most important features to keep in mind when shopping for tall cat trees are durability and weight capacity. Yours will have to handle high-speed cat leaps, and you don’t want the tower to wobble or tip. If you have enough room for a larger cat tower, you will also want to ensure that it offers an assortment of interactive elements. The best cat tower will have scratching pads, a variety of perches, toy attachments, and condos to hide in. Check out our favorite for high-climbing cats.

What if I’m looking for a smaller cat tree?

If you live in an apartment or smaller home, you might not have room for a kitty skyscraper. Small cat towers are a great way to designate a spot for your furry friend without sacrificing precious living room space. Does your cat spend all day lounging by the window? The majority of small cat perches are window-level, which makes them perfectly suited for hours of cat contemplation. Although small cat towers are lower to the ground, you will still want one that won’t sway when jumped on. The best small cat tree will have a sturdy base, resilient scratching posts, and soft platforms for maximum relaxation.

What’s the best for larger breeds?

Your Maine coon might not fit on a regular cat perch, but that doesn’t mean he has to miss out on the fun. There are a variety of cat tower designs available that are built to lodge bigger cats. If your cat weighs over 15 pounds, their tower should be uniquely constructed to handle that extra fluff. When selecting cat towers for large breeds, you should ensure that the platforms are wide enough for them to fully recline, and that they contain spare padding for optimal comfort. The best way to avoid tipping is with a two-pillar design, which prevents trees from leaning to one side.

What if I prefer a more modern design?

We know that your décor vision might not include a carpeted cat tower. Wooden designs are a sleek solution for those that prefer a more minimal aesthetic. Traditional designs might cause unwanted visual clutter, while a modern cat tower can blend seamlessly into a contemporary layout. Wooden designs may not be covered in plush fabric, but they are easier to clean and attract less hair. The best wooden cat tree will fit your modern style without compromising on kitty comfort. Here’s our favorite for sophisticated cats.

What can I get for under $30?

We know that quickly cat furniture can run you into the triple digits, especially if you’re shopping for a complex tower or a contemporary design. Luckily, there are options available for inexpensive single-platform trees. Cheap cat towers are sometimes made with flimsier materials, so you will want to ensure that what you pick is sturdy and claw-proof. The best cat tree on a budget will have durable construction, a soft bed, and tough scratching posts. Here’s an economical tree for your four-legged friend.

FAQs

Related: Best robot mops

The final word on finding the best cat trees

Cat towers are a smart solution for pet parents looking to keep their cats occupied and relaxed. The right cat products can resolve a scratching habit and entertain your pet while you’re away. From jungle-gym climbing trees to glossy wooden condos, the best cat tower will help your kitty feel truly at home.

The post The best cat trees of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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For nearly a century, Balto the sled dog has been celebrated with books, movies, and even a statue in New York’s Central Park. When a deadly infection called diphtheria swept through the isolated town of Nome, Alaska in 1925, Balto and a relay team of sled dogs traveled for six days across hundreds of miles in a raging blizzard to bring critical antitoxin to the town. 

[Related: Humans have partnered with sled dogs for 9,500 years.]

Balto is still helping people 90 years after his death, but this time, with his DNA. In a study published April 17 in the journal Science, scientists detail how they sequenced Balto’s genome to learn more about the genetics of the sled dogs of the 1920s and see how they compare to modern dogs.  

Balto was raised in a kennel by breeder Leonhard Seppala and belonged to a population of small, fast sled dogs that had been imported from Siberia in northern Russia. These dogs became known as Siberian huskies, but the modern versions of the breed, as well as modern sled dogs are quite different from Balto. Other living dog lineages that share this common ancestry with Balto include Greenland sled dogs, Vietnamese village dogs, and Tibetan mastiffs.

“It’s really interesting to see the evolution of dogs like Balto, even in just the past 100 years,” study co-author and postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz Katherine Moon said in a statement. “Balto’s population was different from modern Siberian huskies, which have since been bred for a physical standard, but also from modern working Alaskan sled dogs.”

The team extracted DNA from  tissue samples of Balto’s taxidermied remains from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History  to investigate his genetic traits and ancestry. They found that Balto shared only part of his ancestry with Siberian huskies, and that he actually belonged to a population of working sled dogs that were more genetically diverse than modern breeds. 

The researchers also found evidence that his population was genetically healthier than modern breeds. “Balto came from a population of working dogs that were different from modern breeds and were adapted to harsh conditions,” said coauthor Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist from UC Santa Cruz, in a statement.

To analyze Balto’s genome, the team needed to compare it to a dataset of 682 genomes from modern wolves and dogs, as well as an alignment of 240 mammalian genomes developed by the Zoonomia Consortium, an an international collaboration effort to find the genomic basis of shared and specialized traits in mammals.

[Related: Humans probably have big brains because we got lucky.]

According to Shaprio, a key innovation behind this study is the ability to align the genomes of hundreds of species so that corresponding positions in different genomes can be compared. Comparing these genomes can then reveal DNA sequences that are the same across species and haven’t been changed during millions of years of evolution. This stability is an indication that these parts of the genome are important, and these crucial bits are where mutations could be especially harmful. 

“A gene that’s on one chromosome in us is on a completely different chromosome in another species,” Shapiro said. “You need a tool that can line them up so you can see which parts of these genomes are the same and which are different. Without that it’s just a bunch of genomes of species that are very divergent.”

The study on Balto’s DNA used this approach to characterize genetic variation seen in Balto compared to modern dogs. Populations of working sled dogs like Balto were more “genetically healthy” than breed dogs due to lower burdens of rare and potentially damaging variations in their genes. The team also identified protein-altering, evolutionarily constrained variants in Balto’s genes related to tissue development, which could represent beneficial genetic adaptations. 

Variations in genes related to skin thickness, joint formation, coordination, and weight were also found, and Balto had a better ability to digest starch compared to Greenland sled dogs and wolves. However, Balto’s ability to digest starchy foods is still not as strong as modern dogs. 

The team was also able to use this genetic treasure trove from Balto’s genome to reconstruct his physical appearance, including his coat color, in more detail than even historic photos could reveal. “This project gives everyone an idea of what’s starting to be possible as more high-quality genomes become available to compare,” Moon said. “It’s an exciting moment because these are things we haven’t done before. I feel like an explorer, and once again Balto is leading the way.”

The post How different is Balto, the heroic sled dog, from today’s Siberian huskies? appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		Whistle Go Explore Ultimate Health and Location Tracker for Pets		SEE IT	Set up safe areas and alerts for when your pet decides to go on an adventure—rest easy with this location-tracking pick.
Best locator-tracking device		Tractive LTE GPS Tracker		SEE IT	This pick offers real-time tracking updates so you can know where your pet is within the second, no search team needed.
Best budget		FitBark Dog Activity Monitor		SEE IT	Get all the high-features of other picks at an affordable cost. You can set up safe zones, find your pet, and see their activity levels.

Most pet owners can agree that safety and health are the number-one priorities when it comes to their furry friends. And if you’re a pet owner, you know that sometimes, despite your best efforts, your curious cat or adventurous dog might just follow their noses outside of your home or yard. Or if you like to go hiking with your dog off-leash, there’s a chance he or she may get ahead of you. To avoid a potentially scary situation or just to have some peace of mind, it’s not a bad idea to get your pet a GPS-tracking device. Easily attached to a collar, the best pet GPS trackers provide real-time location tracking and you can set up alerts when your pet has left designated safe areas so you can easily locate your pup or kitty. We’ve rounded up the best pet GPS tracking devices so you can rest easy knowing your pet’s location is just a click away.

• Best overall: Whistle Go Explore Ultimate Health and Location Tracker for Pets
• Best locator-tracking device: Tractive LTE GPS Tracker
• Best mini GPS tracker: Jiobit GPS Dog and Cat Location Monitor
• Best budget: FitBark Dog Activity Monitor
• Best with app: Wagz Freedom Smart Dog Collar
• Best collar: Garmin TT 15 Dog GPS Collar Tracker

The best pet GPS trackers: Reviews & Recommendations

The best pet GPS tracker is a great pet accessory to invest in, especially if your pet has a habit of exploring new areas. The ability to see where your dog or cat is through an app is incredibly reassuring. Additionally, monitoring and regulating your pet’s activity and behavior helps to promote a healthy lifestyle. Once you’ve narrowed down what features your pet and yourself need most with a tracking device, you’ll have a much easier time narrowing down the options.

Best overall: Whistle Go Explore Ultimate Health and  Location Tracker for Pets

Whistle

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Available in three colors to best suit your pet’s coloring, the Whistle Go Explore Tracker provides real-time location tracking. If you have a particularly sneaky pet, you can set up alerts to quickly locate him or her when they decide to go on a little adventure. Plus you can designate safe areas and set up alerts for when your pet leaves those spots. You can also monitor your pet’s activity levels, calories, and distance, and keep an eye on behavior like scratching or licking that could be potential health problems. With a 20-day battery and an adjustable built-in nightlight, you can rest a little easier knowing this pet GPS tracker features added safety measures. Something to note: a Whistle subscription is required for $8.25/month with your first 30 days free and this device uses WiFi connection and the AT&T nationwide network and Google Maps. 

Best locator-tracking device: Tractive LTE GPS Tracker

Tractive

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The Tractive LTE GPS Tracker provides not only real-time tracking but also location history so you can see exactly where your pet has been and where they might be going. By going into LIVE mode, you can get updates every two to three seconds. Plus, by marking “safe places” like your backyard, you can know when your pet has left the premises and when they return. With unlimited range, you can track your pet wherever you are, no matter the distance by connecting with AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, and Viaero Wireless USA (will connect directly to cell networks regardless of which wireless provider you have). Additionally, this small, lightweight, and waterproof device tracks your pet’s activity, rest, and calories. A subscription plan is needed—monthly and one-to-five-year plans available starting at $4.99/month—and provides unlimited location tracking. All features can be managed through the free Tractive GPS app for iOS, Android, and in any browser.

Best mini GPS tracker: Jiobit GPS Dog and Cat Location Monitor

Jiobit

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The Jiobit GPS Dog and Cat Location Monitor might be tiny in size but has big features like next-gen low-power 5G-compatible network and beaconing technology that combines the use of your cellular, GPS, WiFi, and Bluetooth connectivity to track your pet’s location both indoors and out. Easily attached to your dog or cat’s collar, this device is durable, has a long-lasting battery life (up to 20 days), and is waterproof so no matter what your pet gets into — think muddy puddles and bushes — you’ll be able to track him or her. A subscription plan is necessary and can be selected through the Jiobit app, available for Android and iOS. Through the app, you can create custom geofences to see if or when your pet leaves the area.

Best budget: FitBark GPS Dog Tracker

FitBark

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Fits most collars up to one and a half inches wide, the FitBark GPS Dog Tracker is slip-on, lightweight, durable and waterproof. This device requires WiFi, Verizon LTE-M, and in-app subscription from $5.95/month. Through the app, get alerts when your dog escapes designated safe areas and locate him or her in minutes with the embedded Verizon 4G LTE-M cell service. Additionally, it monitors your pet’s activity, sleep quality, calorie intake, and behavior. You can also link your FitBit, Apple Watch, or Google Fit Device to get active with your pup! If you have more than one pet, you can add multiple profiles in the app (iOs 12+ or Android 6+ required). The battery lasts 10 to 20 days depending on WiFi connection, Bluetooth, and Verizon availability. At just $99.99, this is the best pet GPS tracker on a budget and compares nicely with its more expensive competitors. 

Best with app: Wagz Freedom Smart Dog Collar

Wagz

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This shock-free collar allows you to stay connected to your furry friend with GPS and cellular coverage. The shock-free geofence containment system keeps your dog safe by creating and customizing “off-limit” keep out zones. Additionally, you can use vibration, audible cues, and ultrasonic sounds to correct your dog’s behavior. The connected app—which requires a 99.99 annual subscription—also monitors your dog’s step count, sleep time, and more. If you’re looking to get insight on your dog’s behavior and movement using data, WAGZ is the system for you.

Best collar: Garmin TT 15 Dog GPS Collar Tracker

Garmin

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The Garmin TT 15 Dog GPS Collar Tracker varies from other pet GPS trackers in that it doesn’t require a subscription or app to use. The collar, used for only location and tracking, is paired with a compatible handheld device (Astro 320, Astro 430, and Alpha 100—sold separately). Visible from 100 yards away, the LED Beacon lights are activated by the handheld device and are great for low-light scenarios as well as night time. The GPS collar is durable and water-resistant up to 32 feet. Plus your pet can be located up to nine miles away. With the option of two lengths of antenna—18.5 inch or 22.5 inch—you can choose if you want standard or extended rand for increased quality communication. If you have multiple pets, you can sync all of their Garmin collars to the compatible handheld device. The lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and included with your purchase. 

What to look for when shopping for the best pet GPS trackers

The best pet GPS trackers provide peace of mind for owners and added safety measures for pets. When shopping around for the best one for you, there are a few key factors to take into consideration. Everything from how the tracker is affixed to the collar or if it’s a collar and tracker combined to subscription rates, how the tracker stays connected to the range of distance are important things to think about. Understanding your pet and his or her habits will help determine which tracker will best suit both of your needs.

How do you want to attach the GPS tracker? 

There are a few options when it comes to attaching the GPS tracker to your pet’s collar. Most will either slide or clip on but some are sold as a collar and tracker in one. Consider the size of your pet as you don’t want any discomfort with a heavy tracker although most are quite small and lightweight. Additionally, you don’t want the material to rub your pet’s skin either.

Are you on a budget?

While pet GPS trackers can be quite costly, there are plenty of options that are more budget-friendly. While they may not be as technologically advanced as some of their more expensive counterparts, they offer many of the great features you’d want in a GPS locator.

Do you want to monitor health and behavior as well?

Tracking the location of your pet is important, but wouldn’t it be nice to monitor his or her activity as well? Some GPS trackers offer both. With these devices, you can keep tabs on your pet’s activity levels, calories, distance traveled, and even behaviors such as excessive licking or scratching. You can then use this information along with your pet’s breed and age to discuss your pet’s health with your vet.

Do you want to sync the tracker to your phone? 

With pet GPS trackers, you have two options. The first option is you can pay a monthly or yearly fee for a subscription to use the navigation services. It’s important to confirm the tracker is compatible with your cellular service. Something to note: most need WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity to work. The GPS tracker syncs to an app (usually free!) on your phone where you can see your pet’s whereabouts, set safe designated locations, and set alerts. The second option is you can purchase a handheld device that is compatible with your tracker. This way you’re not paying for a subscription and don’t need WiFi to use. 

How many pets do you have? 

If you have multiple pets, you want to ensure the brand’s app can connect with multiple GPS trackers so you can keep an eye on all of them.  

FAQs

The final word on the best pet GPS trackers

Selecting the best pet GPS tracking device has a lot to do with your a) your pet and b) your location. Taking both into consideration will offer you a clear sense of where you need to begin with your search. If your pet likes to wander off or if you live in a place with lots of land, you’ll want a GPS pet tracker that works well no matter the distance. Plus a long-lasting battery is paramount. On the other hand, you might want a GPS locator that works as a pet monitor as well. No matter which features are most important to you (and you have lots of choices!), a GPS tracking device will keep your furry friend safe and will provide you with peace of mind. 

The post The best pet GPS trackers of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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We’ve seen how a quadruped robot dog can dribble a ball, climb walls, run on sand, and open doors with its “paws.” The latest test isn’t that of motion, necessarily, but of balance. This time, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute have found a way to make an off-the-shelf quadruped robot agile and stable enough to walk across a balance beam.

Even for humans, the balance beam is quite a feat to conquer—something that leaves even gymnasts nervous. “It’s the great equalizer,” Michigan women’s gymnastics coach Beverly Plocki told the Chicago Tribune in 2016. “No other event requires the same mental focus. You stumble on the floor, it’s a minor deduction. The beam is the event of perfection. No room for error.”

[Related: A new tail accessory propels this robot dog across streams.]

But in robot dogs, their legs aren’t exactly coordinated. If three feet can touch the ground, generally they are fine, but reduce that to one or two robot feet and you’re in trouble. “With current control methods, a quadruped robot’s body and legs are decoupled and don’t speak to one another to coordinate their movements,” Zachary Manchester, an assistant professor in the Robotics Institute and head of the Robotic Exploration Lab, said in a statement. “So how can we improve their balance?”

How CMU’s scientists managed to get a robot to daintily scale a narrow beam—the first time this has been done, so the researchers claim—is by leveraging hardware often used on spacecrafts: a reaction wheel actuator. This system helps the robot balance wherever its feet are, which is pretty helpful in lieu of something like a tail or a flexible spine which helps actual four-legged animals catch their balance. 

[Related: This bumblebee-inspired bot can bounce back after injuring a wing.]

“You basically have a big flywheel with a motor attached,” said Manchester. “If you spin the heavy flywheel one way, it makes the satellite spin the other way. Now take that and put it on the body of a quadruped robot.”

The team mounted two reaction wheel actuators on the pitch and roll axis of a commercial Unitree A1 robot, making it so the little bot could balance itself no matter where its feet were. Then, they did two dexterity tests—the first dropping it upside down from about half a meter in the air. Like a cat, the robot was able to flip itself over and land on its feet. 

Second came the balance beam test, this time making the robot walk along a six-centimeter-wide balance beam, which the bot did with ballerina-like gracefulness. This could come in handy in the future, not only for purely entertainment value, but maneuvering tricky scenarios in the case of search-and-rescue, which is often a goal for development across all sorts of robots. The team will be showing off their latest endeavor at the 2023 International Conference on Robotics and Automation this summer in London.

The post This robot dog learned a new trick—balancing like a cat appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best no-pull		2 Hounds Design Freedom No Pull Nylon Dog Harness & Leash		SEE IT
Best for large dogs		Ruffwear Front Range Dog Harness		SEE IT
Best for small dogs		Puppia Soft Dog Harness		SEE IT

Collars are great for ID tags and quick out-and-back bathroom breaks, but when it comes to a serious walk they aren’t always the best dog gear. Collars can potentially inflict strain on a dog’s throat, and they do little to reign in exuberant canines. Humans may have no idea why that far patch of grass is irresistible, but a dog may pick up a whiff of something worth pulling against the leash until they choke. To avoid your dog causing self-harm, turn to a dog harness. These distribute pressure evenly over a large area, which makes for a more controlled and comfortable walking experience. So, if your dog is still getting a handle on proper walk etiquette, the best dog harness is the kind of dog gear that can gently discourage pulling and limit strain on your pet, helping your dog feel confident and comfortable no matter how far along they are in their training. Whether you have a big dog or one that’s small, we’ll help you discover the best dog harness to match your pet’s walking style.

• Best no-pull: 2 Hounds Design Freedom No Pull Nylon Dog Harness & Leash
• Best for large dogs: Ruffwear Front Range Dog Harness
• Best for small dogs: Puppia Soft Dog Harness
• Best dog pack: Mountainsmith K-9 Dog Pack
• Best budget: Rabbitgoo Dog Harness

The best dog harnesses: Our picks

Best no-pull: 2 Hounds Design Freedom No-Pull Nylon Dog Harness & Leash

2 Hounds Design

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This no-pull dog harness combines two points of contact with your dog: an included double-connection leash attaches to an action loop between the shoulders and a structural ring on the chest. This unique design enables you to redirect your dog’s attention while also reigning them in from the back. The 2 Hounds Design harness works with breeds of all sizes and temperaments, and its stainless-steel hardware and heavy-duty nylon are built to last.

Best for large dogs: Ruffwear Front Range Dog Harness

RUFFWEAR

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Designed with optimal comfort in mind, this large-dog harness has foam padding, wide straps, and four points of adjustment. The Ruffwear harness features an aluminum back clip and a reinforced webbing chest loop for training. Reflective trim and a convenient ID pocket make this harness perfectly suited for nighttime jogs. Ruffwear offers this harness in eight nature-inspired shades and five sizes.

Best for small dogs: Puppia Soft Dog Harness

Puppia

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The Puppia harness is designed to protect your small dog’s delicate skin with soft air-mesh padding and lightweight polyester. This small-dog harness has a back clip leash attachment, an adjustable chest belt, and quick-release buckles for a seamless park-to-couch transition. Puppia offers 14 adorable colors, and its smallest option fits dogs with a neck of 9.5 inches.

Best dog pack: Mountainsmith K-9 Dog Pack

Mountainsmith

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This dog pack has all the essentials: two pannier compartments with zippered accessory pockets, an indestructible metal back clip, and mesh panels with perforated EVA foam for increased ventilation. Made with optimal weight distribution in mind, this pack features a four-point adjustable chest harness, an adjustable back harness, and a non-slip buckle system. The pack also has a padded grab handle that enables you to quickly lift your dog in emergency situations. Mountainsmith packs are weather-resistant and can be worn by dogs that weigh up to 120 pounds.

Best budget: Rabbitgoo Dog Harness

Rabbitgoo

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This hassle-free harness has fast-release buckles, four adjustable straps, and reflective trim. The Rabbitgoo harness features both front and back metal leash rings for versatile training. Rabbitgoo offers its harness in a wide range of vibrant colors and four sizes.

Features to consider when selecting the best dog harnesses

There’s more to the best dog harness than a latch and a catch, so keep these major differences in mind while shopping for your pup. A dog harness is a vest designed to secure your dog with maximum comfort, usually with a triangle of fabric that hugs their torso and fastens in the back. A strap harness is a more lightweight option that features thinner bands of material. Whether you opt for a vest or strap design, you will have to choose between a front-clip, back-clip, or dual-clip system. If you’re working with a stubborn dog that loves to tug, a front-clip harness can help keep your pet under control. Dogs that are already professional heelers might not require a front-clip and will do just fine with a back-clip design.

The best combines durability, comfort, and mobility. You will want to find a harness that can withstand doggie wear and tear but isn’t made of stiff or irritating material. It is also important that your harness is tough under pressure a flimsy harness can stretch or degrade when paired with a serious puller. We know that picking out dog products can get pretty complicated, so here are our picks. Let’s find the perfect fit!

Related: Poop happens. Be prepared with the best bags.

What exactly is a no-pull dog harness?

Some dogs pull on a leash like they’re auditioning for the Iditarod. If you’re using a traditional collar and leash, pull behavior can be frustrating and harmful. This tug-of-war match might seem impossible to resolve, but there are harnesses created to ease the difficulty of training the more tenacious puppy personalities. A no-pull harness is designed to pivot your dog’s energy toward you, often by redirecting their movements with a front-clip or dual-clip design. With a leash attachment at their chest, a dog is deterred from lunging forward and encouraged to walk at your pace. The best no-pull harness helps you control your dog without causing pain or discomfort. There are multiple versatile designs available that combine both front- and back-clip designs for maximum command over your dog’s training, like our favorite no-pull harness here.

What dog harness works for larger breeds?

Big dogs can be a lot to handle, and they need a harness that can match their strength and size. A thin harness might dig into a big dog’s skin, so when shopping for a large-dog harness you will want to look for one with wider bands. Harnesses with a vest shape also work well for larger dogs and distribute pressure equally across their chests. The best large harness combines resilient fabric with durable aluminum leash clips. Yours should be able to handle everything your big dog throws at it, from zealous days at the park to muddy treks in the woods.

What should small dogs wear?

We know that small dogs are infamous escape artists and sometimes slip out of their collars. This might make you lean toward finding the most snug option, but if your small dog is a bundle of energy a collar could also be hurting their neck. A small harness can provide peace of mind while out and about with your tiny pup. Little dogs don’t require the same hardware as big dogs, so you will want to focus on soft fabric, flexibility, and weight when shopping for a small dog. You might also want to consider one that is easily washable little dogs are low to the ground and their gear quickly collects grime. The best small harness should be simple, light as a feather, and soft enough for everyday wear, and our top pick checks all the boxes.

What’s the best harness for hiking with my dog?

Long hikes with your furry friend require a lot of equipment. A dog backpack harness is a wonderful solution for those who spend every weekend exploring new trails with their dogs. The majority of dog packs are saddlebags, which distribute weight evenly on both sides of your dog. With a sturdy pannier compartment on each side, your dog can carry his own gear without losing any mobility. Dog backpacks are perfect for carrying a day’s supply of treats, doggie bags, and first-aid materials. Keep in mind that dog packs are best suited for medium and large breeds, and the majority of backpacks do not accommodate dogs with a ribcage girth under 20 inches. The most important attributes to look for in a backpack harness are durable fabric and adjustable straps. The best dog backpack harness is made of water-resistant materials and allows you to customize the position of the pannier compartments. Check out  our favorite backpack harness before you set out on your next wilderness adventure.

Best dog products if you’re on a budget

Small options tend to be pretty affordable, while dog gear for medium and large breeds can get expensive. There are some options for affordable harnesses that still have all the features you love: reflective fabric, optional front clips, and comfortable padding. When shopping for a cheaper one you will want to ensure that it is still fully adjustable and made of soft, durable material that won’t irritate your dog’s skin. Here’s an affordable, vest-style harness that works with dogs of all sizes.

FAQs

The final word on the best dog harnesses

Daily walks with your canine companion should be a breeze, not a battle. The best dog harness enables both you and your dog to enjoy the outdoors without stress, strain, or risk of injury. Whether you’re seeking a solution for a stubborn puller or selecting gear that keeps your dog comfortable all day, a harness is one of those dog products that is a fantastic addition to your beloved pup’s wardrobe.

The post The best dog harnesses of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

This article is from Hakai Magazine, an online publication about science and society in coastal ecosystems.

Kit saw the ocean for the first time on an iron-skied February afternoon. My wife and I had spent the last three years in eastern Washington State, a region landlocked by 600 kilometers of forests, sagebrush, and wheat fields. For most of that time, we’d cohabited with Kit, an affectionate piebald mutt we’d adopted from a local shelter. Now we were moving to another inland environment—Colorado—via a circuitous road trip that took us through San Francisco. Our brief time in California, we realized, might be Kit’s first and last chance to lay her protuberant eyes upon the sea.

We drove to an ocean beach that some literal-minded city father had named Ocean Beach. I walked Kit onto the damp sand and watched her scrape at the stuff, as though trying to find its bottom. I unclipped her leash and Kit began to saunter, then run, one step ahead of the frothy surf, like a sandpiper. The wind pinned her floppy ears against her head, and she flung herself down to roll ecstatically in some dead washed-up thing. She looked happy; she looked free; she looked right.

In that, Kit wasn’t alone: most dogs love the beach. But the beach doesn’t love our dogs. A growing body of literature suggests that Canis lupus familiaris has become a significant force of disturbance along the world’s shorelines—not just the packs of feral dogs who roam some less regulated shores, but the domestic pooches whose well-meaning owners, like me, turn them loose for a romp in the sand. Dogs have been known to maul seal pups, outcompete eagles for dead fish, and dig up turtle nests. They save their worst harms for shorebirds, killing chicks, crushing eggs, and forcing migrating birds to burn more calories than they can spare. “Man’s best friend,” researchers concluded in 2011 with typical scientific understatement, “may not be wildlife’s best steward.”

In response to these harms, coastal managers have implemented leash laws, seasonal restrictions, and even outright dog bans. But limiting when and where our mutts can move invites controversy. After politicians enacted a partial dog ban on one Australian beach, aggrieved pet owners claimed that they’d become “criminals in [their] own backyards.” Others gripe that even strict laws are rarely enforced: in San Diego, where beach dogs are subject to a passel of regulations, vigilantes seem to take perverse pleasure in videotaping scofflaws. While our pets are the nominal causes of these conflicts, however, the real culprits aren’t Akitas and Airedales, but us—and our mastiff-sized blind spots around our furry family members. The dogs, of course, are just being dogs.

When we think about destructive pets, cats come first to mind. Whether feral or free-range, cats are swift, silent assassins, responsible for the deaths of up to four billion birds and 22 billion mammals each year in the United States alone. Dogs, by contrast, seem more goofy than lethal, hilariously distant from their wolfish origins. (Does a Shih Tzu really strike terror in any other animal?) In The World Without Us, author Alan Weisman postulated that, should humankind abruptly disappear, cats would fare just fine. Dogs, however, would vanish alongside their people, unable to survive without their twice-daily bowls of kibble.

Yet dogs, the world’s most abundant carnivores, exert immense impacts in their own right. In Mongolia, they kill antelopes and gazelles; in New Zealand, they’ve hampered the recovery of imperiled kiwis. Australian researchers have shown they scare off enough animals to “cause a depauperate local bird fauna.” In Russia’s Lake Baikal, they once transmitted a deadly virus to freshwater seals.

In 2019, on a reporting trip to Tasmania, Australia, I heard a firsthand account that exemplified the dangers of dogs. One evening, I met up with the founder of a group devoted to safeguarding the colonies of little blue penguins that nest along the state’s north coast. As we watched penguins—stout as bowling pins, feathered in glossy indigo, plump with sardines—waddle ashore after several days at sea, the advocate outlined the measures he’d taken to protect his beloved birds. He had erected fencing along a coastal highway to keep them from wandering into traffic and cleaned hundreds of the birds after a tanker ran aground and befouled the beach with oil. Yet he felt powerless to save penguins from the domestic dogs that occasionally escaped their owners, wandered down to the beach, and, on stumbling upon such vulnerable prey, instinctively began to slaughter. (Even friendly dogs can kill: penguins are so easily stressed that “playing” with them can induce cardiac arrest.) The year I visited, six separate dog attacks on four colonies had claimed the lives of more than 250 penguins.

“We don’t have dog attacks in Tasmania—we have dog massacres,” the group’s leader, who asked to remain anonymous for fear of reprisal from local dog owners, told me. “It takes two to 10 minutes for a dog to kill 40 or 50 penguins.”

Granted, little blue penguins are uniquely easy victims; not even the fastest greyhound is likely to catch an adult gull or dunlin. But the mere presence of dogs is enough to send birds into flight: after all, what’s a poodle but an unusually curly-haired fox, coyote, or wolf? In Chile, scientists have observed dogs pursuing whimbrels, a graceful shorebird that probes mudflats with a long, curved bill. On Mediterranean beaches, dog walkers flush plovers from their nests far more often than humans alone, exposing eggs to predators and thermal stress.

“Certain dog owners seem not just to allow it, but to take their dogs to the beach so that they can chase birds,” says David Newstead, bird program director at the Texas-based nonprofit Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program. “These are otherwise conservation-minded people.”

Hounding birds on the beach seems like a benign behavior, or even a wholesome form of play: picture a euphoric golden retriever, tongue lolling and paws kicking up sand, merrily dispersing a flock of terns into a summer sky. Yet even a few brief flights can have big impacts. On the Gulf Coast beaches where Newstead works, many shorebirds are migrants—red knots, piping plovers, sanderlings—who have come to Texas to refuel during epic transcontinental journeys. They spend their days alternately resting and gorging on marine invertebrates, a cycle that’s critical to building the energy stores that migration requires. Dogs disrupt this loafing and feeding, leaving birds less equipped to complete their voyages.

“Every time you’re forcing birds to fly down the beach, the gas tank is going toward empty,” Newstead says. “If they can’t take in more energy than they’re expending on that beach, they’re eventually going to leave. It’s functional habitat loss.” When Newstead gently reprimands dog owners, he appeals to analogy and sympathy: imagine you’ve just gotten home from work and want nothing more than to chill on the couch with a beer—and then a pack of barking dogs tears into the house and chases you outside, over and over again. “Sometimes they grudgingly put their dog back on a leash,” he says. “Sometimes they just say to hell with you.”

Dogs also disturb ecosystems in stranger, subtler ways. In the fall of 2020, Brooke Maslo, an ecologist at Rutgers University in New Jersey, embarked on an ambitious study of how coastal scavengers dispose of carrion. She and her collaborators set out motion-activated cameras on beaches along the Jersey Shore, then baited each with three fish carcasses acquired from tackle shops. “They would always get a big kick out of it,” Maslo says. “‘What do you want 150 dead menhaden for?’”

Maslo’s intent wasn’t to study dogs—it was to monitor the wildlife that came to beaches to feed, from red foxes and raccoons to corvids and laughing gulls. Yet dogs inevitably appeared. Sometimes Maslo’s cameras caught owners dragging their pooches away from the dead fish or placing the carcasses back on the ground, presumably after prying them from their pets’ jaws. More often the dogs urinated or defecated around the menhaden, as though claiming the carrion as their own.

At first, Maslo admits, the constant canine presence was frustrating: here she was, trying to document wild scavengers, and her cameras were clogged with domestic ones instead. As she watched more videos, though, a pattern emerged: When dogs appeared during the day, other scavengers steered clear that night, likely scared off by the scent-marking of an apex canid. Raccoons, skunks, and grackles were completely absent from dog-infested beaches, and foxes, black-backed gulls, and ghost crabs were rare. Maslo and her colleagues observed last year in Scientific Reports that nocturnal scavengers took 34 percent longer to find the dead fish after dogs had come around and ate far smaller portions when they finally showed up.

Why does this matter? Coastal necrophages play a crucial and salutary role, consuming the dead and thus preventing beaches from being strewn with carcasses. What’s more, Maslo says, mobile scavengers like gulls distribute carrion across beaches, spreading out nutrients and thus supporting ecosystems—not unlike dying salmon gifting their nitrogen and phosphorus to the forests in which they spawn. By claiming beaches for their own, dogs inhibit this breakdown and dispersal. You might not find a dachshund particularly intimidating, yet our pets are creating landscapes of fear, monopolizing food sources, and disrupting life’s fundamental processes.

In fairness, coastal managers aren’t blind to dogs’ impacts. Not long after I visited Tasmania, the state government raised the fines for owners whose dogs entered penguin colonies more than 20-fold, a measure that dramatically reduced the rate of attacks. Still other beaches require dogs to be leashed, restrict the hours in which they’re permitted to run loose, or are altogether dog-free. Oregon, for instance, bars even leashed dogs from snowy plover nesting grounds between March 15 and September 15. After an off-leash dog killed a piping plover chick in Scarborough, Maine, in 2013, the town hired plover police to post signs and educate beachgoers about leash laws. “I was expecting to be getting a lot more negativity,” a plover cop cheerfully told reporters.

But Scarborough’s plover guards are more exception than rule—for when dog regulations arrive, controversy usually follows. Few people know that better than Karen Harper, a councilor in Saanich, a municipal district on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. For years Harper had fielded complaints from coastal homeowners who’d witnessed dogs harassing wildlife and people along Cadboro Bay, an inlet whose beaches lie within a federal bird sanctuary. Although Canadian law prohibited off-leash dogs in the sanctuary, Saanich’s own regulations permitted them. In early 2020, Harper, hoping to resolve the contradiction, formally requested that Saanich’s staff study dogs’ impacts and review its bylaws.

“And then,” she says, “all hell broke loose.”

Angry emails poured into the council: Saanich residents urged Harper to “stop wasting staff time,” called her concerns “unfounded and largely irrelevant,” and described her request as “bogus procedure.” (Other commenters applauded Harper for confronting the degradation of “precious and priceless natural areas.”) On Facebook, Harper says, residents derided her as a “dog hater,” though she’d long owned dogs, most recently a pair of German shepherds. One local had dog feces flung into her yard. The situation got so volatile that animal-control officers started going to the beaches in pairs.

Harper was grappling with a persistent conundrum in coastal management: we know a lot more about how dogs harm beaches than how to get people to rein in their pets. In one typical study, researchers in southeast Australia found that just one-third of dog walkers felt “strongly obliged” to leash dogs. “While wildlife protection is important to dog owners,” the scientists added, “greater importance is given to the benefits of unleashed exercise for dogs.” Per one survey, 85 percent of American dog owners consider their pets part of the family; no wonder we privilege our own animals’ happiness over the welfare of wild creatures.

Other scientists have sought the answer in one of humanity’s most powerful motivators: peer pressure. In 2018, researchers interviewed nearly 900 coastal dog walkers in Maine, New York, and South Carolina. People didn’t just let their dogs roam free to exercise and sniff other mutts, they realized, but because social and personal norms sanctioned it. To change the attitudes of dog owners, the researchers proposed modeling different behavioral norms. Perhaps a group of volunteers could parade Spot and Rex around on leashes, each dog outfitted with a vest that reads “This Dog Shares the Shore with Shorebirds.” Social media loves nothing so much as a puppy (well, aside from a cat); maybe #ThisDogSharesTheShore will someday go viral on Instagram.

Still, the most sure-fire solution to averting dog conflict is also the most draconian—an outright ban of even leashed dogs. “Canadians are theoretically compliant types, but if you have leash-only areas, people ignore it,” Harper says. “It’s kind of discouraging.” The temptation to let dogs run free may be irresistible; better, perhaps, to proscribe our pooches altogether.

Ultimately, it’s hard not to conclude that the furor over dogs is a red herring—for the real problem isn’t our mutts, but our cognitive dissonance. Just as we forgive the foibles of our human relatives, we ignore the casual harm wrought by our four-legged children. (“Sure, those other dogs might chase birds, but my Duke would never hurt a fly.”) Perhaps because our dogs’ behaviors are a direct reflection of us, we harbor the delusion that they’re under our control; I recently saw an off-leash collie take a healthy bite of a jogger’s butt, even as the animal’s owner yelled at her to stand down. We rationalize their misdeeds, overrate their training, prioritize their pleasure over other beings’ right to exist. Love is not only blind, it’s blinding.

Much though I believe in protecting the natural world from our pets, I’m as guilty of this myopia as anyone. Earlier this winter, a year after Kit experienced the Pacific Ocean, I took her skiing near our new home in Colorado—unleashed. For a few minutes she trotted beside me, sniffing scat and eyeing squirrels, and, as always, I felt joy to see her happy and stimulated. Then she veered into a jumble of windblown logs and scrabbled at the snow with her paws. I slogged over and dragged her away, but it was too late; she’d unearthed and killed a hibernating vole, soft and warm as a newborn’s cheek. I felt grief, then momentary anger at Kit, but it wasn’t her fault—she was merely doing what her ancestors had been bred to do. The responsibility was entirely mine.

This article first appeared in Hakai Magazine and is republished here with permission. Read more stories like this at hakaimagazine.com.

The post Dog’s are a human’s best friend—and a shorebird’s worst enemy appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best puppy puzzle		KONG Puppy Toy		SEE IT	A fan favorite for good reason.
Best senior dog puzzle		Playology Silver Dental Rope		SEE IT	Keep your older pup mentally stimulated.
Best budget-friendly dog puzzle		Omega Paw Tricky Treat Ball		SEE IT	An affordable way to keep any pup entertained.

In an ideal world, you and your dog would be running around the park and chasing squirrels all day long. But let’s be real, life happens … work happens … and sometimes you just don’t have enough time in the day to give your pooch that 24/7 attention he so desires. When your dog is jonesin’ for some play and you’re not around, he may engage in some troubling recreation (think: chewing up the couch pillow or your favorite pair of socks) to combat boredom. The best dog puzzles are a great source of mental stimulation that not only will solve this potential behavioral issue, but will also train him to have some independent fun while you focus on your own daily tasks.  

• Best for puppies: KONG Puppy Toy
• Best adaptable: Fable Pets’ The Game 
• Best fors adolescent: Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel
• Best for seniors: Playology Silver Dental Rope 
• Best easy puzzle: PAW5 Wooly Snuffle Mat 
• Best medium puzzle: Nina Ottosson Dog Brick Interactive Puzzle 
• Best hard puzzle: Nina Ottosson MultiPuzzle Toy for Experts  
• Best budget: Omega Paw Tricky Treat Ball 

The best dog puzzles: Reviews & Recommendations

Best for puppies: KONG Puppy Toy

Amazon

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You can’t go wrong with this classic puzzle toy. Stuff it, freeze it, and hand it over to your food-motivated pup for hours of mental fun. It comes recommended by both dog trainers and veterinarians. 

Best adaptable: Fable Pets’ The Game 

Billy Cadden

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Created to up your pup’s mealtime in a stimulating way, this puzzle will keep pets entertained for approximately 30 minutes. Instead of the routine bowl of food, this is an excellent alternative that will allow for safer and slower feeding. Plus, it has multiple complexities—once your dog masters dry food, level up by adding in some peanut butter!

Best for adolescents: Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel 

Amazon

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The versatility of this puzzle is great for your adolescent dog. Stuff the toy with the squeaky squirrels, and let them have at it. Once they retrieve the animals from the trunk, you can either restuff it, or use them to play a nice ol’ game of fetch to truly tire them out! 

Best for seniors: Playology Silver Dental Rope 

Amazon

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This toy’s embedded scent is designed to grab your senior pal’s attention, even if he may not be able to see so well anymore. As your dog chews, the scent is released for greater engagement. Plus, the soft yet durable material is extra gentle on aging teeth. 

Best easy puzzle: PAW5 Wooly Snuffle Mat 

Amazon

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The idea is simple: spaghetti-like strands stand up and move around like a shag rug. The result is an interactive sniffing extravaganza that mimics a field or forest. Toss some food in and your dog will forage like he was born to do! 

Best medium puzzle: Nina Ottosson Dog Brick Interactive Puzzle 

Amazon

SEE IT

This toy puzzle will test your dog’s olfactory and coordination skills while also building up confidence. With multiple hiding spots for dry dog food or frozen treats, your dog will be kept busy for quite a long time. As an added plus, the puzzle is super easy to clean—some warm water and soap is all you need in between uses.  

Best hard puzzle: Nina Ottosson MultiPuzzle Toy for Experts 

Amazon

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The hardest of Nina Ottosson’s puzzle products, expert dogs must methodically complete a series of steps in the correct order to win treats. With 28 hidden treat compartments, it’s ideal for dogs who have already mastered easier versions and are ready to be stumped. Your dog will thank you for getting those mental wheels spinning!

Best budget: Omega Paw Tricky Treat Ball 

Amazon

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Pop some treats in the slots of this dog puzzle feeder, and let your dog have at it. As the ball rolls around, treats will inevitably dispense from the different-sized holes, encouraging your dog to use its nose and paws. You can also use it as an alternative to regular meals to foster slower eating habits.

Things to consider when choosing the best dog puzzles

If you’re a dog lover, chances are you already know that, like humans, dogs are intelligent creatures. They want to be challenged. The best dog puzzles provide a healthy opportunity for your pet to exert their physical and mental energies on a safe and fun toy. Plus, they can help with other important matters like decreasing anxiety and improving problem-solving skills. That said, all dogs are unique, and not all dogs will appreciate the same type of toy. That’s why it’s vital to contemplate your dog’s age, temperament, and curiosity level when considering which design is most appropriate for him or her. 

There are tons of dog games to choose from, so check out this whittled-down list to help you find the best dog puzzle toys that will keep your pooch challenged, stimulated, and entertained.

The best dog puzzles for age-appropriate fun

The best dog puzzles for a senior Chow Chow may not be appropriate for an energetic Dachshund. For instance, materials matter a lot when considering differences in dogs’ mouths: teething puppies will need something soft and gentle in order to keep their gums and teeth safe, whereas older, more aggressive chewers will require something that is super durable so that the toy doesn’t fall apart after a few quick chomps.

The following puzzles for dogs reflect some favorite finds based on age. Keep this in mind for your growing pooch—as they grow, their dog puzzles should too!   

How difficult do you want the dog puzzle to be?

Next up, it’s important to consider the difficulty level when buying a dog puzzle for your furry friend. It’s always a good idea to start off easy and work your way up as their tolerance levels build organically. Patience is key—once your dog has mastered an easier game and no longer finds it challenging or fun, you’ll know it’s time to level up.

Check out the following puzzles categorized by easy, medium, hard, and adaptable difficulty levels.  

On a budget: What you can get for under $10

It’s no secret that dogs (and dog supplies) can be expensive. If you love your pet but don’t want to dig deep in your wallet after that annual veterinarian visit, rest assured that plenty of the best dog puzzles ring in at a fairly low price point. For an awesome puzzle toy that won’t break the bank, look no further than the Omega Paw Tricky Treat Ball, coming in at under six dollars. 

FAQs

Our final thoughts on picking the best dog puzzles

The best dog puzzles are the ones that make your pooch feel safely challenged, cheerful, and amused. While you may not be able to cuddle and play with your pet all hours of the day, you now have the knowledge of the tools needed to provide your dog with puzzle toys that will keep boredom and poor behaviors at bay. Toss your pup a new puzzle and let the entertainment begin!

The post The best dog puzzles of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Best overall		PetPlate Dog Food		SEE IT	Convenient and pre-portioned pet food right to your door.
Best dry food		Spot & Tango Unkibble		SEE IT	If you’re a dry food house, your pooch will appreciate the three available flavor varieties.
Best human grade		The Farmer's Dog		SEE IT	Good for you and your pooch.

Dogs aren’t just pets—they’re beloved members of our families. Keeping your dogs healthy begins with the foods you feed them; high-quality, human-grade foods can help ensure shiny coats, good energy levels, optimal nutrition, and longer, happier lives for you to enjoy with your fur babies. The best dog food delivery services can provide all of that without requiring a trip to the pet store.

A newborn baby doesn’t need the same foods as elderly grandparents, right? That’s why customizing your dog’s food with a service’s meal plan ensures you know exactly where your dog’s food is coming from, and that their meals are tailor-made for the stage of life they’re in! 

Food delivery services are a convenient way to get high-quality nutrition delivered right to your doorstep. Most are subscription-based, while a few offer one-off orders. Usually, subscription programs allow you to pause or cancel at any point. Here are the five best dog food delivery services that are doing their part in keeping our pups healthy, happy, and thriving!

• Best overall: PetPlate Dog Food
• Best dry food: Spot and Tango UnKibble 
• Best raw dog food: We Feed Raw
• Best human-grade: The Farmer’s Dog
• Best fresh dog food: Nom Nom Variety Pack

How we chose the best dog food delivery services

To find the best dog food delivery services, we drew guidance from an experienced veterinarian to find the most important aspects. We chose from dozens of services based on a mixture of optimum nutritional offerings, reasonable plans, and available options. Some services can cost a lot per serving, while others rely on gimmicky sales tactics that don’t serve your pooch’s best nutritional interests.

The best dog food delivery services: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: PetPlate Dog Food

PetPlate

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Why it made the cut: PetPlate Dog Food is the total package: convenient, preportioned, human-grade meals delivered right to your door that are fully customizable for your dog’s unique nutritional needs. 

Specs

• Must be refrigerated or frozen
• Preportioned, ready-to-serve meals
• Change delivery dates, pause, or cancel at anytime

Pros

• Customizable for your pet’s needs
• Preportioned, ready to serve
• Recipes by a Veterinary Nutritionist 
• “Topper Plans” augment dry food 
• Free shipping

Cons

• Defrosted food expires after 5 days 
• Pricey

PetPlate dog food is human-grade, fresh food designed by Dr. Renee Streeter, DVM, DACVN, Veterinary Nutritionist. It comes delivered in convenient, preportioned, and ready-to-serve meals, which is perfect for busy pet parents. The containers arrive frozen and then just need to be defrosted, either in the fridge or in the microwave for about 15 seconds.

They’re customized to your dog’s needs and stage of life, so you can be sure that your dog is getting the right nutrients for his or her best health. We also like that they offer full plans as well as “topper plans,” which are smaller portions for mixing into your dog’s familiar dog food. 

They’re just like human food, so be mindful that they will expire. Use within five days of defrosting.

Best dry food: Spot and Tango UnKibble

Spot & Tango

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Why it made the cut: For dogs who prefer (or are used to) kibble, UnKibble is a much healthier solution that is made from human-grade, whole foods and then gently dried to retain optimal nutrients. 

Specs

• Comes ready to serve
• Trial period available
• 3 flavors

Pros

• No artificial additives, preservatives or fillers.
• Ready to serve 
• Human-grade, whole food ingredients
• Simple quiz for customizable meal plans
• Two week trial available

Cons

• Expensive when compared to traditional kibble

Spot and Tango doesn’t make any old kibble. In fact, the company makes UnKibble, which uses whole food, fresh ingredients sourced from American farms and fresh food suppliers. These ingredients are gently dried using the Spot and Tango Fresh Dry™ process. Unlike other dried dog foods, this process promises to maximize nutritional integrity so your dog is getting the nutrients of fresh food, but packed into small, tasty, dried pebbles. 

UnKibble comes in three flavors: Duck & Salmon, Beef & Barley, and Chicken & Brown Rice. Plans start at $1/day but go up depending on your pup size, weight, and needs. You’ll get an exact quote once you fill out the quiz. 

Best raw dog food delivery service: We Feed Raw

We Feed Raw

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Why it made the cut: Customizable to your dog’s stage of life and needs, We Feed Raw delivers raw, human-grade food that uses high water pressure to neutralize food-borne illnesses—preserving the nutrients without cooking.

Specs

• Completely raw
• AAFCO Compliant
• Formulated by PhD animal nutritionists 

Pros

• Tons of variety
• Raw—how dogs originally consumed foods in the wild
• Easier to digest 
• Developed by PhD pet nutritionist
• Use high pressure instead of heat to neutralize bacteria  

Cons

• Does not come in pre-portioned packages
• Expensive
• Expires after four days thawed

We Feed Raw delivers delicious (at least to dogs) foods that are completely uncooked. Worried about food-borne illnesses? We Feed Raw uses a methodology called HPP (High Pressure Processing) to neutralize illnesses like Salmonella and E. Coli with highly pressurized blasts of cold water. No heat, chemicals, additives, or preservatives. 

There are so many meat options, from venison to chicken to quail. Reviewers say their dog’s coats have never been shinier and their energy levels have shown vast improvements.

The food comes with high-quality vitamin premix for added nutrition and can stay good in a fridge for up to four days. In a freezer, it’ll last up to six months.

Best human-grade dog food delivery service: The Farmer’s Dog

The Farmer’s Dog

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Why it made the cut: Human-grade food that promises minimal processing and higher safety standards, this ready-to-serve meal plan is like a farmer’s market in a bowl.

Specs

• Personalized plans
• Eco-friendly packaging
• Free & flexible deliveries

Pros

• Pre-portioned, ready to serve
• Meets all industry requirements 
• Eco-friendly
• Flexible deliveries
• Get a full refund if donated to a shelter

Cons

• Expensive
• Grain-free

No preservatives, no additives, and no BS—The Farmer’s Dog is working to combat dog disease and poor health with fresh, human-grade food that’s gently cooked at low temperatures. Remember, this is real food, so it’s not shelf-stable. You’ll need to refrigerate or freeze your dog’s meals.

It meets all the standards: meals are made by board-certified veterinary nutritionists that are balanced according to AAFCO. It’s preportioned, ready to serve, and requires no cooking or extra work. You’ll take a short quiz about your dog to get a customized meal plan and the best perk is if your dog doesn’t like the food, they’ll send additional recipes to try or give a full refund if you donate the food to a shelter!

Please note: this food is grain-free. Though it’s usually not recommended, this company promises to have a fully balanced meal with all the necessary nutrients.

Best fresh dog food delivery service: Nom Nom Variety Pack

Nom Nom Variety Pack

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Why it made the cut: No commitment is required to try out these delicious preportioned, delicious, high-quality food packets that are sustainably sourced from American growers. 

Specs

• AAFCO Compliant
• Pre-Portioned
• No commitment 

Pros

• No commitment
• Board Certified Veterinary Nutritionists-created recipes
• Nutritional levels approved by AAFCO Food Nutrient Profiles
• Good for sensitive puppy bellies
• Pre-portioned, no measuring required

Cons

• Some customers had issues with underweight deliveries
• Expensive

Carefully sourced ingredients that put nutrition and sustainability first, Nom Nom gets all proteins and veggies from trusted and reliable U.S. growers and suppliers. 

They’re all made in private kitchens to ensure quality controls and they don’t use any high-temp vats or extrusion to maximize nutrition and keep the foods as digestible as possible for your pups. Flavors like Beef Mash—made with beef, potatoes, carrots, peas, and eggs—are sure to be a doggie fav. Or try Pork Potluck—pork, potatoes, green beans, kale, squash, and mushrooms. I’m sorry, I don’t even eat this healthy!

One reviewer even noted that her dog’s poops have improved since starting on Nom Nom. We love to see a good poop shoutout!

What to consider when buying the best dog food delivery services

We consulted with Diana Kuehn, DVM, Licensed Small Animal Practitioner, for her expert opinions on selecting the best dog food for your pup. 

Avoid grain-free

“I do not recommend grain-free products,” says Kuehn. “We are finding heart disease in breeds we don’t typically see heart disease in, and we attribute that to grain-free diets. They’re deficient; they are just not complete nutritionally,” she warns.

Avoid “all stage of life” products

“I highly recommend going for food that is specific to the stage of life your dog is in. A 2-year-old puppy and a senior dog have different nutritional needs, so avoid those ‘All Stage of Life’ products,” Kuehn explains.

A higher price tag typically means better-quality nutrients

Kuehn says you really get what you pay for when it comes to dog food. “When you look at labels, just because the protein or fat looks the same as another food, the likelihood is that the more you pay for the food, the better the quality will be,” she explains. “Often, more expensive dog foods mean the nutrients are more bio available for your dog.” 

Find meals crafted by licensed nutritionists

Many subscription plans offer recipes that are made by licensed pet nutritionists. These are your best bet to ensure you’re getting the good stuff. Look for “AAFCO-compliant” (American Feed Control) on their site, as well, which means they meet the criteria for safe and sufficient nutrients.

FAQs

Final thoughts on the best dog food delivery service

• Best overall: PetPlate Dog Food
• Best dry food: Spot and Tango UnKibble 
• Best raw dog food: We Feed Raw
• Best human-grade: The Farmer’s Dog
• Best fresh dog food: Nom Nom Variety Pack

While dog food delivery services are much more expensive than the average kibble, they’re a super convenient way to ensure your dog is getting the healthiest and highest quality foods available. Remember, dogs are part of the family. They deserve the best food you can afford to keep those coats shiny and those poops healthy.

Feature Image Source: Gentle Dog Trainers

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

The post The best dog food delivery services of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Food allergies were scarcely reported during the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays, sensitivity to foods like nuts and eggs affect an estimated eight percent of children in the United States. That’s one in 13 children or two students per classroom, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  

More than one in 10 children are diagnosed every year across some high income countries, and earlier research has suggested a possible link between animal exposure during pregnancy and early childhood may reduce food allergies. 

Now, an analysis over more than 65,000 infants in Japan found that children exposed to pet cats or indoor dogs during fetal development or early infancy tended to have fewer food allergies compared to other children. The findings were modest (13 to 16 percent less likely to developing food allergies), but had statistical significance and were published March 29 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE.

[Related from PopSci+: Children are grimy, and that’s (mostly) ok.]

The study did not determine if the link between pet exposure and food allergies is causative, since another factor associated with pet ownership could be causing the association.

Hisao Okabe from the Fukushima Regional Center for the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, Japan and team used data from a nationwide prospective birth cohort study called the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. They used the available data on 66,215 children who had exposure to various pets and food allergies.

During the fetal period, about 22 percent were exposed to pets, most commonly indoor dogs and cats. Among the children exposed to these family pets, the chance of developing a food allergy was lowered by about 14 percent. However, the team did not find a significant difference for children in households with outdoor dogs—the results were more robust with indoor dogs. 

The children exposed to indoor dogs were less likely to develop egg, milk, and nut allergies. Children exposed to cats were less likely to have egg, wheat, and soybean allergies. 

Somewhat surprisingly, the children exposed to hamsters (0.9 percent of the total group studied) showed a 93 percent greater incidence of nut allergies. Since the group that had hamsters was so small, it could be a statistical fluke, but it still jumped out at the team.

Some of the limitations of this study include self reported data (usually from medical records obtained at doctor’s visits), which relies on accurate recall from participants. 

The authors suggest that their results could help guide more research into what is causing childhood food allergies and the hygiene hypothesis. Dating back to 1989, with even deeper theoretical roots in the nineteenth century, this hypothesis proposes that exposure to germs and some infections during childhood helps the immune system develop. The exposure teaches the body to tell the difference between harmless substances from the ones that might trigger a reaction like asthma. In theory, exposure to certain germs teaches the immune system not to overreact, according to the Mayo Clinic. 

[Related: This pseudoscience movement wants to wipe germs from existence.]

“Whatever it is that’s happening in the modern world, it’s causing the immune system to be active when it doesn’t need to be,” microbiologist Graham Rook of University College London told PopSci in an interview last year.

Rook noted that the hygiene hypothesis has its flaws—some viral infections, such as RSV, can trigger asthma, not prevent it. Additionally, a large body of research now blames changes in the human microbiome, not a dearth of childhood infection, for at least some of the sharp rise in chronic diseases. 

The post Babies who grow up around pets may be less likely to develop food allergies appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best Overall		Onyx + Rose SEE SPOT CHILL CBD Dog Treats		SEE IT
Best for joints		PremiumCare Hemp Mobility Chews		SEE IT
Best for bedtime		Well Loved Calming Dog Treats		SEE IT

Chances are you have a friend or family member who uses CBD, but you might not know is that CBD treats can also help our most loyal pals: our dogs. These treats can play a role in managing pain, anxiety, inflammation, arthritis, and other disorders. And they come in delicious, pooch-approved flavors. Here is a guide to the best CBD dog treats that can help your pet.

• Best overall: Onyx + Rose SEE SPOT CHILL CBD Dog Treats
• Best organic: HolistaPet CBD Dog Treats 
• Best for joints: PremiumCare Hemp Mobility Chews 
• Best for bedtime: Well Loved Calming Dog Treats
• Best for large dogs: Hemp Calming Chews
• Best for anxiety: Honest Paws Calm Soft Chews
• Best value: Pet Hemp Company CBD Dog Treats 
• Best for smaller breeds: HempMy Pet Hemp Dog Treats

How we selected the best CBD dog treats

When it comes to our pup’s health, we approve of only the best products to protect them and keep them in good health. As an avid dog lover and owner, I used my own stringent criteria to determine whether these treats made the cut. Any formulated with less-than-stellar ingredients were cut from my list. In their place, I chose CBD-infused dog treats with ingredients like chamomile, melatonin, vitamins, and L-Theanine, which only further boost the positive impacts of CBD. I compared over 50 products to arrive at these final picks, which were only the highest-quality selections.

The best CBD dog treats: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: Onyx + Rose SEE SPOT CHILL CBD Dog Treats

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: Broad spectrum CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC means your pooch will reach ultimate chill.

Specs:

Pros

• Grown organically
• 30-day return policy
• Gluten-free
• Offers a subscription discount

Cons

• Pricer

Veterinarian-formulated, these CBD dog treats are made from natural, organic ingredients and are a good source of protein, fiber, and amino acids. There’s a 30-day return window if you’re pooch is picky—but the peanut butter flavoring should make it hard for them to resist. You can order them on a subscription basis so you will never forget to re-up. And, Onyx+Rose includes its lab certificates online so you know you’re getting the real CBDeal.

Best organic: HolistaPet CBD Dog Treats 

HolistaPeta

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Why it made the cut: These hemp treats are formulated with organic and vegan ingredients that soothe your pup and keep them calm.

Specs:

• Ingredients: Chamomile, hemp oil, L-Theanine
• Quantity: 30 pieces
• Flavors: Apple, peanut butter, rice

Pros

• Non-GMO, grain-free
• Lower anxiety
• Formulated with natural ingredients

Cons

• Small amount in bag

Made fresh from California, each crunchy HolistaPet CBD dog treat has 5 milligrams of high-quality hemp extract to ensure your dog feels an awesome sense of calm. Each variety has a unique formula made with different ingredients (think apple, peanut butter, rice) that will have your dog salivating. The addition of organic chamomile and L-theanine, an amino acid found in green tea, helps further reduce tension in your pup. All of the ingredients in this HolistaPup pick are formulated with only organic and vegan ingredients, so you can be sure you’re feeding your pup only the best.

Best for joints: PremiumCare Hemp Mobility Chews 

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: This pick offers all the calming power of regular CBD treats, along with glucosamine to support joints—making it perfect for older dogs.

Specs:

• Ingredients: Vitamins, glucosamine, MSM, collagen, minerals, and essential enzymes
• Quantity: 120
• Flavor: Duck

Pros

• No artificial preservatives
• Soothes joint stiffness
• Great value

Cons

• Some pups don’t like the flavor

These PremiumCare CBD dog treats have a stellar list of anti-inflammatory ingredients including turmeric root powder, flax seed, and vitamin C. These CBD dog treats for joint pain are formulated to boost joint health and help repair cartilage. Whether you’re looking to get ahead of any health problems with the best CBD treats for arthritis or want to soothe joint pain in your older pup, this signature formula has been reported to help with pain, mobility, and even arthritis. Plus, with their delicious duck and chicken flavors, your dog will think it’s treat time!

Best for bedtime: Well Loved Calming Dog Treats

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Why it made the cut: While many of our picks have soothing CBD, this option from Well Loved offers additional sleep-aid—making it the perfect nighttime treat for any pup.

Specs:

• Ingredients: Hemp seed, melatonin, ginger, chamomile, trytpophan
• Quantity: 90
• Flavor: None/natural

Pros

• No dairy or sugar
• Aids with sleep
• Soothes anxiety

Cons

• Crunchy consistency may be too hard for some dogs

Many dogs suffer from anxiety—whether it be prior to a visit to the vet or when you leave home for a long day at the office. If you’re looking for a natural and safe way to calm your pup, these holistic treats can last for up to 12 hours. And with the addition of ingredients like melatonin and chamomile, these Well Loved treats can help lull your dog to sleep without any hyperactivity or stress. These treats are grain-free and formulated without dairy, sugar, and artificial flavors so you can be sure your dog is naturally relaxed.

Best for large dogs: Hemp Calming Chews

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Why it made the cut: While the amount of treats you give your pup depends on their size, if you want to serve a larger dog without crushing your supply quickly, these powerful treats will do the job.

• Ingredients: Valerian Root, L-Tryptophan, Chamomile, Hemp Oil
• Quantity: 180 pieces
• Flavors: Duck

Pros

• Gentle effect
• Pup-approved flavors
• Formulated with natural ingredients

Cons

• Contains yucca

With 520 mg of hemp oil per two treats, you can adequately dose a larger dog throughout the day with less treats. Pups 75 pounds or more will only need six treats spread out through the day to feel the full impact of this pick. Reduce barking, hyperactivity, separation anxiety, aggression, stress, and anxiety with these treats, which have quality ingredients like valerian root, L-Tryptophan, chamomile, and hemp oil. And with no grain, gluten, soy, corn, or sugar, you can be sure your dog won’t suffer from an upset stomach after indulging in a few of these treats.

Best for anxiety: Honest Paws Calm Soft Chews

Honest Paws

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Why it made the cut: Designed with ingredients to reduce anxiety, stress, or nerves these treats can transform your pet.

Specs:

• Ingredients: Hemp oil, barley, oats, peanut butter
• Quantity: 30
• Flavor: Peanut butter

Pros

• All organic ingredients
• Soft texture for any dog
• Soothes nerves

Cons

• More expensive

Honest Paw’s Calm Soft Chews are ideal to help manage your dog’s stress levels and promote long-term calm and relaxation for a healthier and happier life. These CBD dog treats for anxiety contain L-theanine and tryptophan, the same amino acid found in turkey that lulls you to sleep after a Thanksgiving feast. Since these dog calming treats are poultry-flavored, it won’t take much to get your dog to agree to chew on one. And with 30 chews per bag, your pup can achieve a month’s worth of zen days at a time. Unlike some competitors, Honest Paws uses only full-spectrum hemp oil, which has been tested by a third party for potency and purity. If you want to ensure your dog is getting only the best kind of treats and ingredients, this high-quality pick is a great choice.

Best value: Pet Hemp Company CBD Dog Treats 

Pet Hemp

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Why it made the cut: These high-quality treats allow you to tailor your CBD dosage depending on your pup’s needs, whether they’re just testing it out or are a large breed that needs plenty of mg.

Specs:

• Ingredients: L-Theanine, chamomile, hemp seed, CBD oil
• Quantity: 30
• Flavor: Green apple and peanut butter

Pros

• More affordable option
• Formulated with calming herbs
• Range of CBD amounts

Cons

• More expensive option

Pet Hemp Company’s value bundle of CBD dog treats is worth it: you’ll get 450mg of potent CBD in 90 5mg treats (spread across three packs). You can choose your bundle too—either try one “Relax,” one “Protect,” and one “Repair,” or, if your pup has one specific issue to deal with, stock up on three of the same kind. These bite-sized pieces are packed with quality ingredients designed to benefit your pooch, from L-Theanine to decrease anxiety, to hemp seed powder for a nutritional boost, to chamomile for a calming effect.

Best for smaller breeds: HempMy Pet Hemp Dog Treats

HempMy Pet

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Why it made the cut: These treats are the perfect quantity for dogs that are new to CBD, or for smaller pups who don’t need as potent of a treat.

Specs:

• Ingredients: Pumpkin, Garbanzo Bean Flour, Rice Flour, Apples, Eggs, Unrefined Coconut Oil Infused, Mint, Parsley,
• Quantity: 25
• Flavor: Pumpkin

Pros

• Gluten-free, GMO-free
• Organic ingredients
• Can help with arthritis pain

Cons

• May require longer testing for results

HempMy Pet’s U.S.-made dog treats are made with human-grade, organic ingredients that are also GMO-free, gluten-free, and cruelty-free. The pumpkin flavor smells great, has a crunchy texture, and will have your dog wagging his tail for more. If you’re hesitant to give your pet a large dose of CBD, this pick is a great introductory product to give them a taste. It’s also great for small dogs who only need a small amount of CBD per day. Plus, the company cares deeply about animals: they are known for contributing to animal rescues and sanctuaries. One downside is that this is one of the smallest packs, with only 25 treats per bag—which means you’ll have to restock more often than you did with the bulk option. And if you’re looking to incentivize your pup further, consider the best dog training treats.

What to consider when shopping for CBD dog treats

There are so many options on the market today for CBD treats and it’s important to make sure you do some due diligence to choose the right one for your pet. While CBD dog treats are generally safe, you should always check over a few key points before giving them to your four-legged friend. 

First, it’s vital to understand that CBD is a naturally occurring compound that comes from hemp and marijuana plants. These plants are very similar, except that hemp plants contain less than 0.3-percent THC, whereas marijuana plants contain more. THC is a psychoactive compound—the one that some humans want for ourselves, but definitely not for our pets. Since we don’t want our dog ingesting THC, look for CBD derived from hemp plants instead of marijuana plants. Don’t be confused if you see dog CBD treats marketed as hemp treats—that’s the good stuff!

You’ll also want to take a look at the CBD concentration (measured in milligrams), quality of ingredients, transparency of plant-growing practices, flavor options, and the general reputation of the brand. Since that’s a lot of work to do, you can simply read on to find some favorite picks of the best CBD dog treats that you can buy for your pal today.

Medical conditions

Is your dog arthritic? Does your pooch have pain? Or is it more of a general nervousness issue that you’re hoping to help solve? Different problem areas should be treated with unique formulas, and this is no exception with dog CBD treats. Some of the best companies understand this desire to hone in on a certain issue, and as such offer different varieties to make sure your pup is getting targeted care.

Portion size

If it’s your first time dealing with CBD for dogs, it’s only natural that you’d want to start off slow. Like most things our dogs ingest, the amounts will vary based on their size and weight. Larger dogs will benefit from a greater amount of CBD, while smaller dogs will do just as well with a lesser amount. 

You’ll always want to check the instructions for recommendations on how many treats you should give to your dog. This is often based on weight (for example, a product may say to give one treat for every 10 pounds). That said, it’s a great idea to take it easy in the introduction phase by giving your pup around 2 milligrams at the most. Try this out for a few days to see the effect it has on your dog, and then you can start increasing per the product’s recommended dose.

Soft or hard chews

Sometimes the crunch factor just won’t do it for your pooch. Particularly if your dog has sensitive teeth and gums, or is simply getting a bit older and prefers something softer, you’ll be better off with soft dog chews. Your dog will thank you as he nibbles his woes away and channels a calmer self.

FAQs

The final word on the best CBD dog treats

The CBD market has had widespread success for many reasons. Now, your pups can benefit from the plant extract as well. The best CBD dog treats can reduce your dog’s anxiety, manage pain, decrease inflammation, and improve overall health levels. Since they taste great, your pooch will be thrilled to eat one at any chance he gets!

The post The best CBD dog treats of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Best overall		TUG 360°		SEE IT	This leash offers a solid value with all the necessary features.
Best dual leash		Wigzi Dual Doggie		SEE IT	Having more than one dog doesn’t have to mean lugging more gear, with two color-coded leashes in one.
Best for large dogs		KONG Ultimate		SEE IT	For bigger breeds, this leash can support up to 150 pounds.

There’s nothing better than going on nature walks with your dog, and the right leash lets your loyal companion access the many sights, smells, and other dogs. Just as importantly, a trusted lead maximizes the safety of your dog-walking experience. We curated this list of the best retractable dog leashes to help make the most of your adventures with the pooch and something durable, dependable, and comfortable in your hand. 

We chose models popular because you can release your dog’s distance up to 26 feet in some cases (the most common length is about 16 feet). This allows your dog less confinement and more freedom of movement to sightsee as they get their daily steps in. However, because they allow more freedom, you’ll need to ensure that the brake-and-lock system is up to par. A lock button on the handle controls how much of the leash is extended or retracted at any given time. Some even come with reflective stitching for low-light conditions. There are lots of dog leashes to choose from, but for those who love the freedom of a retractable design, here are five of the best retractable dog leashes so you can get the most out of your daily strolls. 

• Best overall: TUG 360°
• Best tape: flexi New Comfort
• Best chew-proof: PUPTECK Retractable Dog Leash with Anti-Chewing Steel Wire
• Best dual leash: Wigzi Dual Doggie
• Best for large dogs: KONG Ultimate

How we chose the best retractable dog leashes

To find the best retractable dog leashes, we considered dozens of models from several manufacturers. We relied on research, published reviews, and some hands-on experience to find leashes that were both safe and reliable over a long period of time. We looked for models that have solid reputations above all else because failure out in the real world can be catastrophic for you and your pooch. We favored models that can accommodate many breeds with the necessary features for controlling a pup’s movements on the street. Added features like a hook for carrying bags provide nice touches to round out the offerings.

The best retractable dog leashes: Reviews & Recommendations

There’s nothing worse than a leash that snaps or breaks, so we’ve collected trusted brands known for their durable, long-lasting products. Beyond the actual retractable dog leashes being sturdy, our top picks ensure you get a burly handle that won’t fall apart if it’s dropped or bangs against a hard object.

Best overall: TUG 360° Tangle-Free Retractable Dog Leash

TUG

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Why it made the cut: This extremely durable retractable dog leash is both lightweight and strong for a wide range of dog sizes and strengths, and clocks in at under $20, making it the best retractable dog leash overall. 

Specs

• Length: 16 ft
• Sizes: Tiny, Small, Med, Large
• Tangle-free: Yes

Pros

• Lightweight yet extremely durable
• Ergonomic grip handle
• Consistent positive customer feedback
• Safety features
• Range of sizes

Cons

• Not chew-proof

With tons of positive user reviews, a thoughtful set of features, and a very affordable price, the Tug Tangle-Free won us over for the best retractable dog leash overall. A 16-foot, tangle-free, 360-degree movement tape leash with their signature Quick Lock and Brake System ensures your dog follows your lead. 

Reviewers note that the handle is comfortable and wide enough for larger hands and the wider strap is more durable than previous models for pullers or hyperactive pups. Sizes range from Tiny to Large, for tiny dogs to hefty fur-babies. 

Best tape: Flexi New Comfort Retractable Tape Dog Leash

Flexi

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Why it made the cut: Flexi has been making a version of this leash for 50 years, which speaks to its success.

Specs

• Length: Up to 26 ft
• Sizes: XS-XL
• Tangle-free: Yes

Pros

• 50-year history in dog leashes
• Customizable (LED lighting, multi box, etc)
• Safety features 
• Extra long tape that won’t jam

Cons

• Some reviewers report snapping
• Not the cheapest option

Looking for the best Petsmart dog leash for your next trip to the store? This Flexi leash is one of the best in the market for tape models, featuring an adjustable handle, brake and lock buttons, and an ergonomically designed handle for comfortable walking. 

It can also be customized with its own LED Lighting System for added safety and protection in low light. Sixteen feet of tape is protected by the tape guidance system, which ensures that your tape won’t get jammed during walks or as it retracts.

One of the main reasons to choose a Flexi leash is the brand name itself. Flexi invented the retractable lead 50 years ago and has been refining it ever since.

Best chew-proof: PUPTECK Retractable Dog Leash with Anti-Chewing Steel Wire

PUPTECK

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Why it made the cut: With 15 inches of chew-proof steel wire, this retractable dog leash promises to keep your munch-happy pups from chewing through their lead.

Specs

• Length: 16 ft
• Chew-Proof: Yes
• Weight: Up to 110 lbs

Pros

• Lightweight chew-proof wire 
• Reflective strip for low visibility conditions
• Can handle up to 110 lbs
• Ergonomic handle

Cons

• Some reviewers wished for more wire coverage
• Retraction mechanism is slow

For dogs who will munch on anything, this 16-foot chew-proof retractable dog leash from Puptek features 15 inches of detachable chew-proof steel wire rope. Compared to alternative stainless steel rope, the wire design rope is overall lighter making it a more user-friendly experience when going for long walks and the best chew-proof retractable dog leash.

The tangle-free rope can bear up to 110 pounds and features black webbing with a reflective strip attached to it so night walks are safer and more visible to passing cars. The only downside here is some reviewers wished the chew-proof steel covered more of the leash. This would, indeed, create a heavier lead, but would ensure that your pup couldn’t chew through any part of the tape. 

Best dual leash: Wigzi Dual Doggie Gel Handle Retractable Dog Leash

WIGZI

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Why it made the cut: Why have two separate leashes when you can get this 2-in-1 solution for group walks? Don’t worry, you can still maintain separate control over each dog.

Specs

• Length: 10 ft, each
• 2-in-1: Yes
• Weight: Up to 50 lbs, each

Pros

• Can stop or brake each dog individually
• Dogs can be up to 20 ft apart
• Reflective design for added safety
• Color-coded

Cons

• Only 10 ft per dog
• Can only handle up to 50 lbs per dog

The Wigzi dual doggie retractable leash is the perfect 2-in-1, tangle-free lead solution for a two-pet household. This gel leash allows you to maintain individual control of each pup with the same leash and features color-coded leads and brake buttons so you can easily identify which dog you’re commanding. The orange and green leads are also reflective for added safety in low-light conditions.

Unfortunately, this won’t work for you if you have large dogs over 50 pounds; the leash can only handle two pups under 50 pounds each.

Best for large dogs: KONG Ultimate Retractable Dog Leash

Alcott

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Why it made the cut: Extra durable, extra rugged, and extra powerful dog leash for dogs up to 150 lbs, suitable for most large dog breeds like Pit Bulls, Mastiffs, and Rottweilers. 

Specs

• Length: 16 ft
• Reflective: Yes
• Weight: Up to 150 lbs

Pros

• Very durable
• Suitable for up to 150 lbs
• Reflective stitching for safety
• Dependable; long-lasting

Cons

• Some reviewers don’t like the forward placement of the lock button
• More expensive end of models
• No keyring slot or holder for poop bags

You shouldn’t have to lift heavy weights to be able to walk your Pitbull or another strong breed. This dog leash is for those hefty pups that require super durable and extra-strength leashes. The Ultimate Kong leash may be rugged and sturdy, but the ergonomic and soft grip handle with added grip support keeps it easy and breezy for the pet owner to maintain total control of their large dog. 

You can use this Kong leash for dogs up to 150 pounds, comparable to a Mastiff, American bulldog, or Leonberger. It also comes color-coordinated with reflective stitching for added safety, which you’ll need with those heavy pullers in low-light conditions. We would have liked a keyring slot for a baggie holder, but that’s not a dealbreaker.

What to look for in the best retractable dog leashes

Type 

There are a few types of retractable dog leashes: nylon, tape, and chew-proof designs with steel wiring. It depends on your needs, but we don’t recommend nylon for tough or heavy dogs as they can more easily snap or break. Go for a chew-proof with wiring if your dog is prone to chewing.

Brake settings

Ensure you can easily brake or lock to have optimal control over your dog while walking. Since the lead can be up to 26 feet, this is supremely important for safety. Plus, most leashes recommend you don’t let the dog hit the end of its range because that puts excess stress on the mechanism.

Weight limit

This is very important so your leash doesn’t snap or break, especially with pullers. Be sure to read the product information to ensure your leash can handle your dog’s weight capacity.  Most will offer a weight range that the product can withstand. 

Comfort

An ergonomic grip handle is important for your comfort, especially for long walks. 

Tangle-free design

Most good brands will have tangle-free designs to ensure you’re not spending precious walking time untangling a lead. Leashes typically achieve this feat by shaping the opening through which the leash comes out of the mechanism and attaching to the dog’s collar with rotating hooks that spin freely. 

FAQs

Final thoughts about the best retractable dog leashes

• Best overall: TUG 360°
• Best tape: flexi New Comfort
• Best chew-proof: PUPTECK Retractable Dog Leash with Anti-Chewing Steel Wire
• Best dual leash: Wigzi Dual Doggie
• Best for large dogs: KONG Ultimate

Finding the best retractable dog leash for you depends on various factors: your dog’s weight, strength, and habits (like chewing through everything in their path). Choosing the wrong one can end in disaster, and your best friend deserves better than that. Plus, if you have a leash you and your pup enjoy, you’re more likely to get out there and have adventures. 

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

The post The best retractable dog leashes for 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

Best for large dogs		EzyDog Neo Classic Wide Dog Collar		SEE IT	The thick, polyester band accommodates the biggest breeds.
Best for small dogs		Ruffwear Reflective Dog Collar		SEE IT	Your tiny pooch deserves a perfect fit.
Best budget		Coastal Pet Products New Earth Soy Adjustable Collar		SEE IT	It’s the perfect option to keep as a backup.

Choosing the right collar for your pooch goes well beyond size and color. It might seem like a simple purchase, but you must find one that fits you and your dog’s lifestyle. After all, your dog has to spend all day in his collar, and you want him to feel comfortable and relaxed. This dog product also needs to withstand everyday wear and tear, especially if your pup gets rambunctious at the dog park. The right dog collar helps keep our beloved pets safe—with their ID tags secure—in case of emergency. Whether you just brought home your new best friend or want to update your doggie wardrobe, we’ll help you find the best dog collar for your furry friend.

• Best overall: Tractive GPS Pet Tracker with LED Light Up Dog Collar
• Best for large dogs: EzyDog Neo Classic Wide Dog Collar
• Best for small dogs: Ruffwear Reflective Dog Collar
• Best tactical: Yunlep Adjustable Tactical Dog Collar
• Best leather: Soft Touch Collars Padded Leather Dog Collar
• Best budget: Coastal Pet Products New Earth Soy Adjustable Collar

How we chose the best dog collars

We love dogs here at PopSci, and there’s no shortage of pooches on our staff. For these recommendations, we surveyed dozens of products across many brands to find options that work across various breeds and body types. Our evaluations come from a mix of hands-on experience, editorial review, user feedback, and spec comparison.

Most of the options on this list employ nylon construction, which is standard thanks to its durability, comfort, and lightweight. We also ensure our picks cover the tiniest teacup dogs up to the burliest Burmese mountain dogs. Lastly, we considered advice from prominent pet groups like the American Humane Society.

The best dog collars: Reviews & Recommendations

Every dog is unique, and the dog products you buy should cater to their specific routine. With that in mind, we’ve selected six leashes for every type of canine and scenario.

Best overall: Tractive GPS Pet Tracker with LED Light Up Dog Collar

Tractive

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Why it made the cut: A built-in GPS tracker keeps tabs on your pup’s movements, which is useful for everyday tracking but particularly handy when they try to escape. Plus, it’s cheaper than many other GPS collar options.

Specs

• Sizes: Small, medium, and large
• Material: Nylon
• Price at time of writing: $50

Pros

• Tracks a dog’s location and logs it so you can review movement later
• GPS module is small and waterproof, so it’ll last
• Cheaper than some other GPS options

Cons

• Requires a monthly subscription starting at $5.

This nylon collar houses a totally waterproof GPS unit that keeps constant tabs on your pup throughout the day. A companion app allows owners to track their pooch’s travels, activity, calories burned, and other useful stats that help keep track of the dog’s overall patterns and behaviors.

The location and activity tracking features require a monthly subscription that starts at $5 per month, but that’s standard fare for a product like this. Choose from three different sizes depending on the size of the pet. Each size is also adjustable to get a snug fit no matter how big or small the dog may be.

This collar does allow owners to create virtual boundaries within the app, but it won’t physically keep the dog within those bounds. It can, however, alert owners if their dog goes outside of a designated area, such as a park or a yard.

Best for large dogs: EzyDog Neo Classic Wide Dog Collar

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: If your dog is the size of a small cow, it can be tricky to find the right neckwear, but this collar’s largest size will accommodate a 32-inch neck.

Specs

• Sizes: LARGE fits dogs with 18″ to 21″ necks, X-LARGE fits 21″ to 24″ necks, 2X-LARGE fits 24.5” to 28.5” necks, and 3X-LARGE fits 28.5” to 32” necks.
• Material: Polyester and neoprene rubber
• Price at time of writing: $32

Pros

• Available in sizes up to 3XL for even the biggest dogs
• Tough polyster and rubber construction will last
• 1.5-inch width won’t cut into the dog’s neck
• Sturdy D-ring makes for a safe connection to leashes
• Reflective piping on all colors

Cons

• Only suited for big dogs

This wide dog collar from EzyDog is a durable accessory that keeps your king-size companion under control. This collar measures 1.75 inches wide and is made with soft polyester and Neoprene rubber, which is waterproof and odor-repellent. The EzyDog comes equipped with a non-rusting stainless-steel D-ring, a separate clip to keep those precious ID tags securely attached, and reflective piping for safety at night. EzyDog offers four options for neck sizing that range from 18 to 32 inches.

Best for small dogs: Ruffwear Reflective Dog Collar

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: Even though this collar is small, it’s built tough and includes ample features.

Specs

• Sizes: S, M, and L ranging from 11 inches up to 26 inches
• Material: Nylon
• Price at time of writing: $29

Pros

• Metal buckles and D-rings
• Available in a wide variety of sizes
• Attractive colorways
• Easy to adjust
• Reflective webbing

Cons

• Still may be too big for some exceptionally tiny dogs

This classic collar from Ruffwear is a must-have for small- and medium-sized dogs. This collar is made with Ruffwear-designed Tubelok Webbing, which has a locked edge that keeps the webbing from unraveling. It features an easy-to-use side-release buckle, a separate ID tag with a tag silencer, and a sturdy aluminum leash ring. Ruffwear also offers 12 gorgeous nature-inspired patterns, including a bright magenta design, Alpenglow Burst.

Best tactical: Yunlep Adjustable Tactical Dog Collar

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: This military-styled strap gives a tactical look without an over-the-top camo design. It’s also built tough and adds a control handle.

Specs

• Sizes: M, L, and XL
• Material: Nylon
• Price at time of writing: $12

Pros

• Sturdy
• Affordable
• Velcro areas for attaching patches
• Control handle for training or quick corrections

Cons

• Not the easiest to adjust

The adjustable tactical dog collar from Yunlep is a hardy addition to your outdoor dog’s gear. Featuring high-quality nylon and a heavy-duty metal buckle, the Yuplen tactical collar is built for any weather condition or wilderness excursion. This collar has a D-ring for leash attachments and a handle for safe and accessible restraint. The tactical collar also includes patches for velcro accessories. The built-in handle also offers extra control during training or quick maneuvers.

Best leather: Soft Touch Collars Padded Leather Dog Collar

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: Sometimes, a simple leather collar fits your dog’s style and vibe. Plus, it will look even better as it ages.

Specs

• Sizes: S, M, L, and XL, ranging from 11 inches to 25 inches
• Material: Leather
• Price at time of writing: $30

Pros

• Leather is soft and durable
• Fits a wide range of dog sizes
• Several natural leather colors
• Solid brass hardware

Cons

• May not hold up to lots of exposure to weather

The Soft Touch leather collar is a chic and hand-stitched doggie accessory. This luxurious collar is made from genuine full-grain leather and lined with padded sheepskin leather. Designed with longevity and convenience in mind, the collar features a solid brass D-ring and buckle opposite a mini brass ring for ID tags. This product is offered in four sizes, with wider bands to accommodate larger dogs. The best part? Soft Touch offers five color combinations, including adorable tan leather with a pastel blue lining.

Best budget: Coastal Pet Products New Earth Soy Adjustable Collar

Amazon

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Why it made the cut: Sometimes you just need a basic collar as a spare or backup, and this one costs less than $10.

Specs

• Sizes: S, M, and L covering dogs from 8 inches to 26 inches
• Material: Soy fiber
• Price at time of writing: $9

Pros

• Cheap
• Lots of colors
• Lots of sizes

Cons

• Plastic buckles

This eco-friendly and custom dog collar is an inexpensive option for dogs of all sizes. This sustainable pet product is made from soft soy fibers that repel bacteria and won’t irritate your dog’s neck. The collar features an adjustable band, a loop for tags and leash clips, and a quick-release buckle. This is best used as a backup for leaving with the vet during boarding or other places you don’t want to take an expensive collar.

Things to consider when shopping for the best dog collars

We know you don’t want to grab the first collar you see. We also know that the perfect design will depend on your dog’s size, temperament, and daily activities. The key features to remember when shopping for your new collar are durability and material. It’s important to select a hypoallergenic collar material that won’t irritate your puppy after a long day of outdoor expeditions. Both nylon and leather are popular choices, but If your dog has a proclivity for puddles, you will probably want to opt for the more water-friendly nylon. If you go on many midnight jogs with your dog, the best dog collars for you will feature reflective elements that keep your pet visible at night.

Many dog owners prefer to use a harness while out and about. If you prefer to walk with just a collar and dog leash (retractable or standard tether) dog leash, you will want to ensure that the collar you select is sturdy and prevents unwanted getaways. Collars with plastic fasteners are fine when paired with a harness, but if you’re working with a leash and collar combo, a metal fastener can be a more secure choice.

Live somewhere cold? These are the best dog coats.

What dog collars work for large breeds?

Is your dog on the larger side? Bigger breeds need a collar designed to handle their size and strength. The best large dog collars are heavy-duty and resilient but don’t weigh your pup down. Designed with maximum comfort in mind, many large collars have a wider band than a standard design. Thin collars, although appropriate for the little guys, can dig into a larger breed’s neck. Wide dog collars are a gentler alternative that distribute pressure more evenly around a dog’s throat—especially if they have a penchant for pulling. Ample fabric also protects this sensitive part of your dog from accidental nips at the dog park.

What about small dogs?

There are a host of options for small- and medium-sized dogs. The best small dog collars are made of soft, flexible material that can stand the test of time. Smaller dogs don’t usually require a wide collar—the extra width can be too bulky on tinier frames. The best small dog designs are lightweight and equipped with an adjustable strap for that perfect fit. Ideally, your dog should not even notice it’s there. Check out our selection for the best small collar below.

Do I need a tactical dog collar?

Does your dog join you on every weekend hike? Does he also enjoy romping through every creek, snowbank, and mud puddle he encounters? You might consider a tactical dog collar, which is built to resist more extreme wear and tear. Tactical collars are designed with military and working dogs in mind and often come with handles to reign in energetic breeds. If you’re looking for a product that can handle your adventurous canine, a tactical collar might be the perfect fit. Tactical models are also well-suited for dogs with a chewing habit. Check out our pick for free-spirited pups below.

What about leather collars for the elegant hound in your life?

Does your dog have a dapper streak? Leather dog collars are a stylish choice and, if taken care of properly, can last for years. If you’re shopping for a leather collar, you will want to remember the difference in buckle styles. Many leather collars come with a traditional buckle with notches like a belt. This is the most secure style of buckle, but it does not unfasten in a pinch as the standard quick-release buckles do. Leather collars with traditional buckles are best suited for pets who wear their collars throughout the day.

Best on a budget: What you can get for under $15

We know you want the best for your dog, but hunting down everything your pet requires can be expensive. Luckily, collars will be one of the cheaper pet products you shop for. If you’re shopping for a collar that’s simple and affordable, you should focus on finding a design with comfortable fabric and sturdy design. The best dog collars on a budget might not be made from premium leather, but we guarantee your pup will love you just the same. Here’s our favorite affordable model.

FAQs

Final thoughts on the best dog collars

• Best overall: Tractive GPS Pet Tracker with LED Light Up Dog Collar
• Best for large dogs: EzyDog Neo Classic Wide Dog Collar
• Best for small dogs: Ruffwear Reflective Dog Collar
• Best tactical: Yunlep Adjustable Tactical Dog Collar
• Best leather: Soft Touch Collars Padded Leather Dog Collar
• Best budget: Coastal Pet Products New Earth Soy Adjustable Collar

You love your dog, and they should love their collar. There’s a perfect collar for every pup, whether braving the wilderness in tactical gear or sauntering down the sidewalk in sophisticated leather. Above all else, the best dog collars should keep your most important family member safe, secure, and happy.

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

The post The best dog collars of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

After a 31 year reign at the top, the Labrador retriever is no longer America’s favorite dog breed. Coming in at number one for the first time is the French bulldog. The breed was not even in the top 25 percent of favored breeds 75 years ago, and went from 14th place in 2012 to number 1 in 2022. Additionally, registrations have increased over 1,000 percent over 10 years, according to the American Kennel Club.

“The French Bulldog has seen a surge in popularity over the years, and for good reason,” said American Kennel Club Executive Secretary Gina DiNardo, in a press release. “Frenchies are playful, adaptable, loyal and outgoing. They make wonderful companions for a variety of people, but it’s extremely important to do your research to not only find the right breed for your lifestyle, but to ensure that you’re getting a well-bred dog from a responsible breeder.”

[Related: How breeding dogs for certain traits may have altered their brains.]

In regards to their popularity, French Bull Dog Club of America spokesperson Patty Sosa told the Associated Press, “They’re comical, friendly, loving little dogs. City-friendly, with modest grooming and exercise needs, they offer a lot in a small package.”

Known for their flat faces, pointy ears, and weary looking expressions, the dogs have also become a celebrity staple, loved by the likes of Reese Witherspoon, Megan Thee Stallion, and Lady Gaga. They have also been targeted in high profile thefts, including the 2021 shooting of a dog walker with one of Lady Gaga’s dogs and another a shooting in South Carolina in February. 

As with many breeds, French Bulldogs are susceptible to specific health problems. As with other flat-faced, or brachycephalic, breeds (Pugs, English Bulldogs, etc.) they are particularly prone to breathing troubles due to their smaller airways and narrow nostrils. Bulldogs have it particularly hard, as breeding for selective traits has dramatically changed them over the past 100 years, with some breeders being accused of selecting the more “cartoonish musculature” as the desirable ones to breed despite the risks.  

A 2021 study published in the Canine Medicine and Genetics journal compared the health of random samples of 2,781 French Bulldogs and 21,850 non-French Bulldogs and put together a list of the 43 most common disorders in both groups. The French Bulldog’s “extreme” body shape was causing many of the differences between the two groups and the study found that they have a higher risk of 20 out of the 43 common disorders and a lower risk of only 11 out of the 43 disorders. French bulldogs were 42 times more likely to have a disorder called narrowed nostrils (stenotic nares) and also faced a high risk of skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, ear discharge, and difficulty giving birth.

Their signature scrunched faces leave little room for breathing. “The skeletal features have changed, but the soft tissues haven’t adapted with them,” veterinarian Shaun Opperman told The Guardian in 2019 while giving a play-by-play of the surgeries needed to keep many of these dogs alive.

[Related: Can The Bulldog Be Redesigned?]

The British Veterinary Association has urged people to not buy flat-faced breeds. The Netherlands has gone as far as prohibiting breeding very short-snouted dogs. Dutch Minister of Culture, Nature and Food Quality Piet Adema is also aiming to outlaw owning French bulldogs and other “designer pets” such as cats with folded ears.

“We make life miserable for innocent animals, purely because we think they are ‘beautiful’ and ‘cute,’” Adema said in a statement in January.  “That is why today we are taking the big step towards a Netherlands where no pet has to suffer from his or her appearance.” 

The post America has a favorite new dog breed, and it’s slightly problematic appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

This article was originally featured on The Conversation.

Many people choose to live with a cat for companionship. As a social species, companionship is something we often crave. But this cannot necessarily be said of our feline friends. Domestic cats evolved from a largely solitary species, defending their territory from other cats.

Although modern-day cats can live together in friendly groups (when there are enough resources to go around), bonds generally only develop between cats who are related or grow up together. It is natural for cats to feel threatened by unfamiliar cats. Owners should consider whether adding another cat to their home is really in their cat’s best interest, especially if they are generally more of a timid cat.

If you’re set on adding another cat to your home, plan the introduction carefully.

Prepare for your new cat before you bring them home. Set aside a room for them, making sure they have at least two comfortable sleeping areas, a water bowl, a feeding area, scratching post and toys. Provide at least one litter tray (preferably two), well away from the food, water and sleeping places.

When the day comes to bring your new cat home, take them straight to “their” room. Allow them to come out of their carrier in their own time. They will be frightened if you try to pull them out. No matter how excited you are to interact with your new companion, you might need to leave the room, allowing them to explore by themselves.

Scent swapping

Your new cat needs to stay in their room for several days. This will help them settle down and allows you to introduce them to your existing cat via scent.

Scent, especially facial pheromones, helps cats identify other cats that they are bonded with and is important for maintaining bonds between cats. Swap cloths that each cat has slept on, and toys. Place these somewhere the cats will come across them in their own rooms, but away from beds, bowls and litter trays.

Neither cat should show signs of avoidance or aggression towards the cloths before you progress. Then you can directly swap scent between the cats. Stroke one cat, especially around the cheeks and area in front of the ears, and then go directly to the other cat and stroke them. Repeat in the other direction.

This will transfer the cats’ scent profiles and facial pheromones, as if they were rubbing on each other directly. Look for relaxed rubbing or nudging in return.

Longer term

Once both cats are relaxed about being stroked with your other cat’s scent on your hands, they can finally see each other and your new cat can explore the rest of your home. You can buy a plug-in diffuser that releases copies of a feline facial pheromone, which may help with the initial introductions as it has been found to reduce cat-to-cat aggression within households.

There should be lots of escape routes for the cats to move away from each other. Make sure there is a cat tower or furniture, like a bookshelf, to jump onto and that the cats can easily leave the room if they want to. Cats like to hide away if threatened and to get up high.

Initially, shut the cat you adopted first away in a separate room and allow your new cat out of theirs to explore. Once they are familiar with the layout of the house and where escape routes and safe places are, you can let your other cat out. Supervise the cats and be ready to intervene if tensions start to mount.

Watch for any avoidant or agonistic behaviour, such as running away and hiding, ears going back or hissing. Never punish your cat for aggressive behaviour and avoid using food to lure the cats closer together. Cats are solitary hunters and would not naturally eat in close proximity to other cats, even ones they are bonded with.

Because cats can find it challenging to form new relationships with other cats, especially as adults, your cats may never become best friends. To reduce conflict, make sure both cats can access food, water and litter trays without having to pass each other.

As a general rule, you will need to have one more of each resource than the total number of cats in the household. For example, three litter trays for a two-cat household. If your cats go outside, it may also be helpful to provide more than one entrance and exit point, as the cat flap is another common area for conflict between cats.

Similar advice applies if you want to add another companion species to your home, such as a puppy. Introductions may be more successful if the puppy is carefully and gradually introduced before they’re 12 weeks old.

Don’t allow your puppy to chase your cat. Reward the puppy for calm behaviour. Your cat should never feel cornered and always have the choice to move away from any interaction, whether that’s with a human or non-human animal.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The post How to introduce a new cat to your pets appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		Embark Dog DNA test		SEE IT	This popular pick developed with Cornell University can test for more than 350 dog breeds and over 200 genetic diseases.
Best for health		Wisdom Panel Premium		SEE IT	Get a complete breakdown of your dog’s health, with testing for vision, hearing, weight, and drug sensitivities.
Best budget		Wisdom Panel Essential		SEE IT	Find out the essentials of what makes your pet unique with 35 genetic tests at a budget-friendly price.

If you’ve recently rescued or purchased a pup, you may not know much about your new furry friend, which is why it’s a good idea to invest in a dog DNA test kit. As a good pet parent, it’s smart to find out as much as you can about their breed so you can understand their behaviors and if your dog might be predisposed to certain health issues. Characteristics such as herding, retrieving, aggressive behaviors, and physical attributes have a lot to do with a dog’s breed and ancestry. And if you’ve rescued a dog, you may not even know what breed(s) your dog is! The best dog DNA test will not only answer the important questions about your pet’s genetic history, but also will help to ensure you have the tools to keep your pup happy and healthy. 

• Best overall: Embark Dog DNA Test | Breed & Health Kit
• Best for breed identification: Embark | Dog DNA Test | Breed Identification Kit
• Best for health: Wisdom Panel Premium
• Best with life plan: ORIVET Dog DNA Test
• Best budget: Wisdom Panel Essential

How we chose the best dog DNA tests

There are plenty of home DNA tests for dogs on the market. The truly effective ones may cost more, but they may save you in the long run. Brands such as Wisdom and Embark dog DNA tests can cost between just under $100 and to more than $160, but keep in mind they are the most highly rated and effective home DNA tests. The difference in price is due to what is tested for in the kit. The less expensive tests are specifically for breed identification, while the pricier options will offer information on health and doggy relatives, so the test you choose is up to you and what you are interested in learning more about. Fortunately, most canine DNA tests are very easy to use. You just need to swab your pup’s cheek, send your kit into the lab, and wait for about two to four weeks. We kept all of this in mind when testing the best dog DNA tests.

The best dog DNA tests: Reviews & Recommendations

The best dog DNA test will offer the most accurate breed breakdown for your pup at its most basic function. There are various types of dog DNA tests that will help determine your dog’s breed, genetic testing for diseases, or even help to connect you with your dog’s relatives. One of our choices should help you learn more about your best furry friend.

Best overall: Embark Breed & Health Kit

Stan Horaczek

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Why it made the cut: This market leader provides comprehensive genetic testing for health risks, breed, ancestry, and relatives, with a relatively quick turnaround time. 

Specs

• Tests: More than 230,000 genetic markers, including 350 dog breeds and 215 health risks 
• Time to results: 2-4 weeks
• Price: $139.00

Pros

• Comprehensive testing
• Relative finder
• Fast turnaround time 

Cons

• Expensive

The Embark dog DNA test is one of the most popular dog DNA test kit brands—and for good reason. The research-grade genotyping platform developed with the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine screens for over 350 dog breeds, making it one of the most accurate tests on the market. The test includes a health screening for over 200 genetic diseases, so you can share your dog’s potential health risks with your vet. You can also find and connect with other pups that share your dog’s DNA to schedule a fun meet-up. Results take about two to four weeks. 

In our hands-on test, results fell on the early end of the typical turnaround time—just over two weeks. The results come with a robust dataset in a 32-page PDF and on the web. My dog is particularly difficult to map because of its extremely varied breed variety, but it rightly identified the major breeds involved.

We mentioned the test to our vet and they agreed the health suggestions are worth keeping in mind, though we shouldn’t worry too much about them. If you’re the type to obsess over dog health issues, that aspect of the testing may be stressful for you. Overall, however, Embark provides a very simple testing method, quick turnaround time, and lots of data in easy-to-read formats.

Best for breed identification: Embark Breed Identification Kit

Embark

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Why it made the cut: If you’re interested in tracking down your dog’s relatives, the Embark Breed Identification Kit is for you. Easy to use, this kit provides access to Embark’s database, in which 90% of dogs tested have a close relative.

Specs

• Tests: More than 230,000 genetic markers, including 350 dog breeds and 215 health risks 
• Time to results: 2-4 weeks
• Price: $109.00

Pros

• Detailed breed information
• Comes with Relative Finder
• Less expensive

Cons

• May not be as effective with mutts

To understand your dog’s physical traits and personality, it’s important to start with the breed ID. Once you’ve accurately detected your dog’s breed(s), you can correctly address the training that would best fit their temperament. In three simple steps of activating your dog’s test, swabbing your dog’s cheeks, and mailing the swab into the lab, Embark can detect breed contributions of your mutt down to five percent of all of the breeds involved. The Embark DNA test will provide a family tree up to the great-grandparents and will show any relatives that have used the test.

Best for health: Wisdom Panel Premium

Wisdom Health

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Why it made the cut: This comprehensive kit tests for more than 200 genetic health risks, plus provides access to a database of more than three million dogs so you can compare DNA. 

Specs

• Tests: More than 200 health tests and screening for over 350 breeds 
• Time to results: 2-3 weeks
• Price: $159.99

Pros

• Screens for sensitivity to medications and potential for kidney stones
• Comes with free vet consultations as part of package
• Can match dogs with family members in their database of 3 million canines

Cons

•  Some users have questioned the accuracy of breed identification

If you want to know about your dog and the health risks common with specific breeds, then a canine DNA test is the perfect starting point. Better insight into ancestry, historical conditions, as well as current red flags, means better care.  With over 200 health tests—including vision, hearing, weight, and drug sensitivities—you will learn about any health risks and what procedures and medicines could be of danger to your furry pal. Of course, this easy-to-use Wisdom panel test also includes top-notch breed breakdowns by uncovering your dog’s breed mix down to one percent and by using over 35 trait tests to reveal your pup’s unique physical characteristics.

Best with life plan: ORIVET GenoPet 5.0 Dog DNA Test

ORIVET

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: This kit tests for health risks and breed information and also provides a personalized wellness plan and ongoing outreach through an online portal. 

Specs

• Tests: For more than 350 breeds and health risks
• Time to results: Three weeks 
• Price: $99.95

Pros

• Provides personalized nutrition and health plan for your pooch
• Ongoing support through online portal
• Developed for purebreds

Cons

• Not designed for mixed-breed dogs

One of the best reasons to invest in the best dog DNA test is to better understand your pet’s care options throughout their lifetime. With a pet profile, you can easily share information with a veterinarian, health care provider, family, and friends. This dog DNA test kit from Orivet includes all the bells and whistles—and then some. The results reveal breed makeup, weight prediction, behavioral insights, and health risks (and, more importantly, how to act on them). The proprietary test also comes with a personalized wellness plan based on the dog’s breed, age, gender, location, and lifestyle. If you find that your test isn’t accurate, there is a 100% satisfaction guarantee. 

Best budget: Wisdom Panel Essential

Wisdom Health

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: If you’re just looking for a breakdown of your dog’s breed and major genetic health risks, this kit is a good option. 

Specs

• Tests: More than 350 breeds, 25 genetic health risks, 35 genetic traits
• Time to results: 2 to 4 weeks
• Price: $99.99

Pros

• Analyzes your dog’s makeup by breed
• Provides detailed description of pet’s characteristics
• Identifies major genetic health risks 

Cons

• Doesn’t provide ongoing plan or advice

You don’t have to be a big spender to get down to the smallest detail; this test lets you discover your pup’s breed mix to one percent by testing for over 350 dog breeds. With over 35 trait tests, you’ll be able to learn more about what makes your dog unique, from their muzzle shape to their fur color. Be in the know when you take your pup to the vet with the help of Wisdom by screening over 25 medical complications including drug sensitivities. 

What to consider when buying the best dog DNA tests

You don’t just walk into the pet shop and pick up the first bag of food you see—you research the best dry dog foods and start your search there. The same goes for a dog DNA test. When shopping around for the best dog DNA test, think about what you want to know about your pooch.

Do you want health information?

If you’re curious about the breed(s) of your pup and then figure you can research the rest from there, then you can get a test that focuses on breed. If you want a more detailed breakdown of your pup’s genetics, then pick a comprehensive genetic kit that can also clue you into your dog’s behavioral proclivities and potential for disease. 

If you’re simply curious about where your dog came from, then a basic test will suffice. More in-depth tests can, however, give you insight into possible health problems that may arise down the road.

Turn around time

We’re not really sure why you’d need to know your dog’s DNA results in a hurry, but most of these offerings promise results in roughly two to four weeks. Some will let you pay extra to get expedited results, but others stick strictly to their window. Generally, we haven’t found any outliers that differentiate themselves purely on turn around time.

Sample size

Another thing to consider when selecting your canine DNA test is the brand. Wisdom, for example, can detect your dog’s breed mix down to one percent, as they have tested two million dogs and have the largest canine DNA database. It may be a bit more expensive, but it will get you the most accurate results. 

FAQs

Final thoughts on the best dog DNA tests

The best dog DNA tests provide a window into your pet. They’ll tell you your dog’s breed and reveal the genetics behind their behavioral and physical traits, such as personality and the color of fur. Some kits will also help you identify breed-specific health issues that can help you know what to look out for, understand medication options, and know what to bring up with your vet. From learning about your pup’s breed to understanding potential inherited health issues, canine DNA tests will help you learn more about your precious pup to give them the happy and healthy life they deserve. 

The post The best dog DNA tests of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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How well do you know your pets? Pet Psychic takes some of the musings you’ve had about your BFFs (beast friends forever) and connects them to hard research and results from modern science.

YOUNG MALE COWS, not unlike many teenagers, can be a handful. They like to test boundaries; they challenge the other members of their herd, looking to establish themselves within its hierarchy. And so when Sammy, a six-year-old cow at Peace Ridge Sanctuary, hit adolescence, he confronted Theo, the herd’s patriarch.

Theo is a big animal, standing seven feet tall at his shoulders and weighing a muscular ton, but a gentle one. He’s something like a kindly uncle, taking calves under his wing, quick with a soothing lick and nurturing by disposition. He’s not a fighter—and Sammy was already larger than he, and aggressive to boot.

“He didn’t know what to do,” recalls Daniella Tessier, the sanctuary’s founder and operations manager. “That was probably a little scary to him.” Then Clementine, the herd’s matriarch, noticed what was happening. “She went over to the younger steer, pushed him out of the way, and challenged him. And the minute she did that, it was like a lightbulb went off. Sammy stopped—and that was the end of that.” Theo and Sammy have been friendly ever since.

There are more than 300 rescue animals at Peace Ridge, which is located on a windswept hilltop in rural Brooks, Maine: donkeys and goats, sheep and geese, rabbits and pigs. But their 50 cows have an extra-special place in Tessier’s heart. She’s known bovines ever since she was a toddler on her grandfather’s farm, and has come to appreciate them in ways few people have a chance to. Not only has Tessier spent a great deal of time with them—she’s been able to study them outside the confines of farms, in rare sanctuary settings where animals are less stressed and able to express social behaviors that would otherwise be stunted.

“When you get to interact with groups who are able to stay intact, you can see right away that they have such complex relationships,” says Tessier. “And there is so much expression of affection and nurturance and genuine care.”

There’s a hierarchy at Peace Ridge, but it’s not determined solely by physical dominance. Presiding over it is Clementine, who is far from the biggest cow of the bunch, or the strongest, and who doesn’t even have horns. She is, however, the oldest, and seems to have earned the regard of her peers by dint of life experience and her dedication to maintaining good relations between herd members.

“Clementine is always looking around to make sure everyone’s OK,” says Tessier. Theo does this too, but when tensions start to rise, it’s Clementine who steps in. “She’s an active peacekeeper,” Tessier says. “She’s just going to get in there and say, ‘Don’t go over that line.‘ And everyone listens to her, though she’s an older, smaller cow. It keeps things in balance.”

I volunteer at Peace Ridge, although with the goats, not the cows. To be honest, the cows have always made me a bit nervous. They’re such massive creatures, and, like many folks, I don’t have much familiarity with them. When Tessier told me about Clementine and the herd’s organization, I was surprised.

It wasn’t that I considered cows stupid—an old stereotype so ingrained that it’s actually a subdefinition of the word—but their social complexities didn’t ever come to my mind. “Most people’s perception of them is as plodding herd animals with little individual personality and very simple social relationships or preferences,” wrote ethologist Lori Marino of the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy in a review of cow cognition. That about summed my assumptions up—until I heard Clementine’s story.

A skeptical reader, however, might be inclined to dismiss Tessier’s observations as anecdotal. So what does science have to say?

There’s a fair bit of research on cow cognition and relationships. One especially delightful study from the University of Cambridge, which measured their reactions while learning to open a gate, described how finding a solution produced a Eureka!-style moment of excitement. It should come as no surprise that cows prefer the company of some individuals more than others. But it may be more surprising to learn just how important licking is to them, reducing tension and helping individuals bond, like grooming in primates.

As for social organization, biologists have long described hierarchies in the few feral herds that exist across the world, providing a glimpse into how cows would live in a natural setting. Those groups are matriarchal and led by elder females, just as Tessier has observed. Hierarchies have also been observed in farmed cows, but there are no records in either feral or farmed cows of the sort of peacekeeping behaviors Tessier describes.

“There is not much work on this,” says Cédric Sueur, an ethologist at the University of Strasbourg who has studied group dynamics in European bison—in whom he documented female leadership and collective decision-making—and their farmed cow relatives. Still, says Sueur, “I do not exclude that [such behaviors] exist.” It might simply be that researchers haven’t looked for them or, as Tessier believes, that groups of cattle are too unstable and unnatural for their innate sociality to flourish.

Whether cows are raised for beef or milk, and whether they’re kept on small farms or large-scale operations, turnover within herds is far greater than at Peace Ridge or in the wild. Collectives don’t remain intact for years. “When a farmer changes out their stock, they’re interrupting whatever social hierarchy was allowed to happen,” says Tessier. “It might be that every six months to a year, members are taken away. That breaks up relationships you might have been able to observe.”

Christian Nawroth, an ethologist at the Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology in Germany, calls this “a very important point” and agrees that captivity in production settings “decreases the possibility of expressing social behavior.” He also points to research on reconciliation and conflict resolution in domestic pigs and in goats. “Settling disputes is probably something we could observe in cows,” Nawroth says.

The next question would be whether that reflects care for the well-being of other cows and even a conscious attempt at maintaining a herd’s good vibes. Tessier is certain that this is so, although an alternative explanation, says Nawroth, is that dominant individuals “want to have it quiet in the pen” and decrease the risk of injury to four-legged bystanders. 

Perhaps research on stable herds at sanctuaries will someday resolve that question. Indeed, the new research program at Farm Sanctuary in New York was launched with the belief that more can be learned—not just about cows, but about all farmed animal species—at sanctuaries than in dairy stalls and livestock pens. In the meantime, Clementine will be watching over her herd, keeping the peace, as her own caretakers understand.

We hope you enjoyed Brandon Keim’s column, Pet Psychic. Check back on PopSci+ in April for the next article.

The post The social lives of cows are remarkably sophisticated appeared first on Popular Science.

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The crafty cockatoos have done it again. A new study published today in the journal Current Biology found that Goffin’s cockatoos, a bird native to Indonesia, carry multiple tools and customize their kits to whatever complex problem they are facing. “They are super flexible,” says Antonio Osuna-Mascaró, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna in Austria and lead author of the research study. “They can learn how to use tools by themselves, innovate the tool sets, and transport what they [specifically] need from them.” The findings cement Goffin’s cockatoos as one of the smartest creatures on Earth.

Goffin’s cockatoos have caught the eye of animal biologists for some time. These small white parrots are capable of delayed gratification, resisting the temptation of snacking if they know they’ll get a better reward for waiting. Captive and wild individuals show similar problem-solving behaviors and can assess a situation through different means. For example, Goffin’s cockatoos know whether an object is heavy or light just by looking at it. More recently, animal biologists have discovered that these birds can learn to create complex and multipurpose tool sets.

[Related: Adolescent chimpanzees might be less impulsive than human teens]

While Goffin’s cockatoos use clubs, picks, and other DIY instruments, they are not the first animals to do this. Elephants, sea otters, and gorillas use tools for several purposes such as to get food or create shelter. Chimpanzees, humanity’s closest living relative, go one step further. Osuna-Mascaró explains that chimpanzees use two different tools to go termite fishing: a thick and short one to open a hole in the termite mound and then a flexible one to collect the insects. The primates have also adapted their hardware to their situation. Sometimes they may only bring the probe to fish for termites because the mound already had punctured holes. 

To see if Goffin’s cockatoos could also be flexible in their tool use, the study authors created three scenarios similar to how chimpanzees wield multiple strategies for termite fishing.

1. Can cockatoos learn to use new tools?

The first experiment tested 10 captive cockatoos on their ability to innovate their tool set. They were given one sharp and pointy stick that would need to be used first to tear open a transparent paper membrane hiding a cashew, and then one long and flexible object that with a wagging motion could reach the nut behind the ruptured barrier. The study authors note this is the first time the individual birds had a tool with a function to puncture objects, so they would need time to explore the implement and then figure out how to use it.

The cockatoos had 10 minutes to figure out the solution. If they failed, they could try again the next day. A successful session was defined by the bird being able to reach the cashews in three consecutive days. 

Out of the group of 10, six cockatoos successfully got the nutty prize in three back-to-back sessions. Certain members caught on quicker than others. “Figaro is probably the most famous cockatoo in the world because he was the one who showed us in past research that cockatoos are able to make, modify, and use their own tools,” explains Osuna-Mascaró. “I was suspecting Figaro to struggle a little, so I was super surprised to see him solving the experiment in 31 seconds.” The highest socially ranked female in the group, Fini, was a close second. She finished the task in 34 seconds. 

2. Can cockatoos fits their tools to the situation?

Five cockatoos who passed the first task then moved on to the second experiment. This task tested the birds’ ability to use the tool set in different ways. The researchers randomly alternated the subjects between two boxes with two different courses of action. The first box had a membrane in which the cockatoos would need two tools to break open and retrieve the cashew. The second box had a membrane with holes already in it, so they would only need to use the long and flexible probe. 

The team kept track of which tool the birds wielded first and when they used it correctly. They found that cockatoos gradually learned and got better at choosing the correct instrument in every passing session. One reason for the birds’ high performance is because of their switching behavior between the tools, observes Osuna-Mascaró. When the parrots had to choose between the two objects, the study authors noticed a pattern where they would pick up one tool, release it, and then pick up the second tool before releasing it as well. This behavior was also seen in the first experiment, but it increased significantly in the second. 

Cockatoos who engaged in switching behavior were more likely to do better in selecting the correct tool option for the box they were in. Osuna-Mascaró’s team suggests several explanations. Moving between the two choices could help with the thought process when mulling over the best decision. Holding the tools could also help the birds recognize their functional properties and whether these features would help with the task at hand.

3. Can cockatoos tell when they need a whole toolkit?

The third experiment tested how flexible the species was at transporting the toolset. The task involved a platform holding two randomized two boxes (membrane or no membrane) containing the cashew. In the first phase, the cockatoos needed to either climb up or fly horizontally to a table holding the implements before flying vertically to reach the box. The study authors looked to see if the birds would consider these new circumstances and decide to carry along the tools together as a set in their beaks or talons. Bringing both objects at once would be energetically cheaper than having to fly back and forth.

What’s more, it provides a huge advantage in solving trickier problems, says Elizabeth Hobson, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of Cincinnati, who was not affiliated with the research. She says that a cockatoo having multiple tools on the go is like a human having an Allen key prepared in their pockets.

[Related: 7 creatures with skills that easily beat humans]

Out of the five cockatoos, four transported tools across the platforms and three did it consistently (Figaro included). The fifth bird never carried both tools together, though Osuna-Mascaró says this is likely because he is the strongest bird in the flock, so flying back and forth was probably not seen as labor intensive for him. 

“A tool set is more than the sum of its parts.” says Osuna-Mascaró. “Now we can argue that cockatoos have a mental representation of the needs the tool set has for them.”

Overall, Hobson think the experiments offer clearer details on Goff’s cockatoos’ cognitive prowess. “There are a couple things in this study that stand out,” she says. “It fleshes out more details about what the cockatoos are capable of in terms of tool use, and builds on recent documentation of tool use in this species in the wild.”

The post These clever cockatoos carry around toolkits to get to food faster appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		Ruffwear Front Range Day Pack		SEE IT	A versatile dog backpack for many breeds and a variety of outdoor activities.
Best for large dogs		Kurgo Big Baxter Dog Harness		SEE IT	The best background around for large breeds like Bernese Mountain Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and more.
Best for hiking		Ruffwear Palisades Dog Backpack		SEE IT	A high-volume backpack that’s perfect for multi-day hiking trips.

A dog backpack allows you and your pup to transport the necessities—like water, food, and treats—during hikes, beach visits, camping trips, and any other adventure. In addition to their storage features, these harnesses can store first aid gear, waste bags, and other supplies without burdening your personal pack. Designed with your dog in mind, there are many options for pups of all sizes, shapes, and breeds. Most dogs are perfectly comfortable carrying a couple of pounds on their back. As long as you remain conscientious of the backpack’s intended capacity, you don’t need to worry about causing pain or discomfort. With the basics in mind, you’ll be able to focus on style and special features; we’ll walk you through what to look for in the best dog backpacks so you and your pooch can get going on your next adventure. 

• Best overall: Ruffwear Front Range Day Pack
• Best for hiking: Ruffwear Palisades Dog Backpack
• Best for large dogs: Kurgo Big Baxter Dog Harness
• Best for small dogs: Doggles Extreme Backpack
• Best budget: Outward Hound Daypak

How we chose the best dog backpacks

As animal lovers and dog owners, we sought dog backpack options that are safe, secure, and comfortable. To do this, we conducted thorough research and consulted the products our furry friends currently use. We chose models that provided detailed information regarding fit and fabric, looking for units that feature ventilation, adjustable straps, padding, and reflective strips. We included packs suitable for various sizes and paid attention to bag capacity. We also kept an eye on price, offering a more budget-friendly yet well-constructed option.

The best dog backpacks: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: Ruffwear Front Range Day Pack

RUFFWEAR

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: The Front Range Day Pack is a great option for frequent day-hikers with weight-forward saddlebags that sit close to the body, foam-padded construction, and three leash clip points. 

Specs 

• Uses: Long walks and day hikes
• Sizes: X-Small, Small, Medium, Large / X-Large 
• Adjustment points: 5

Pros

• Radial cut saddlebags  
• Padded handle
• Available in multiple colors

Cons 

• Pricey

Ruffwear is our favorite brand for well-constructed dog backpacks and the Front Range Day Pack tops the charts. A great model for mid-range activity, this pack comes in four sizes and fits dogs with a chest measurement between 17 and 42 inches. Five adjustment points mean you can further customize the fit, and foam-padded construction will continue to keep your dog comfortable. A vertical chest strap and cushioned belly strap improve stability, and a padded top handle means you can help your adventure buddy navigate tricky areas on the trail. 

The saddlebags feature a radial cut, weight-forward design, creating compression to keep each side close to your pup’s body and maintain balance. Inside each bag, a stretchy mesh pocket keeps treats, bags, and bowls organized. You can attach a leash to three points: a tow loop, webbed chest loop, and back V-ring.  

Available in three colors, the Front Range backpack is perfect for everyday use. It can fit all the essentials for a day hike or long walk without being unnecessarily bulky.

Best for hiking: Ruffwear Palisades Dog Backpack

RUFFWEAR

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: The Palisades backpack comes with everything your dog needs to make it through a long hike, plus, the bags are removable in case you just need the harness for a quick jaunt. 

Specs

• Uses: Long hikes, backpacking, camping trips
• Sizes: Small, Medium, Large / X-Large 
• Adjustment points: 5 

Pros

• Collapsible water bladders 
• Reflective trim 
• Cross load compression system 

Cons 

• Expensive 
• Not a great option for small dogs 

Ruffwear strikes again with the best dog backpack for hiking. The Palisades pack is an excellent option for long hikes, multi-day trips, backpacking, and camping. Available in three sizes ranging from 22- to 42-inch chest sizes, this model can carry a lot while prioritizing comfort. A high-volume option, the Palisades Pack will be able to hold everything your dog needs to stay fed, hydrated, and happy in the great outdoors.

Favorite features include two 1-liter collapsible water bladders for balance, a cross-load, a “flopper stopper” compression system to increase stability, and removable saddlebags to lighten the load during a break or day hike during a camping trip. There are five adjustment points, two leash attachment points, reflective trim, and a padded handle to round out the design. Though a bit pricey, the Palisades Pack is worth it to keep your dog healthy while hiking. 

Best for large dogs: Kurgo Big Baxter Dog Harness

Kurgo

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Why it made the cut: The Big Baxter is designed for large dog breeds that have trouble finding a backpack that will fit; this model has a chest strap that fits up to 48 inches and supports a dog that weighs up to 110 pounds. 

Specs

• Uses: Day hikes, backpacking
• Sizes: Adjustable 50-110lbs 
• Adjustment points: 8

Pros

• Adjustable saddle bags 
• Integrated harness 
• Front and rear leash attachment 

Cons 

• Not water resistant

The Big Baxter Pack from Kurgo is one of the only dog backpacks that can accommodate a chest measurement up to 48 inches and a weight up to 110 pounds. Available in three colors, the Big Baxter is a two-sided pack with an integrated harness, mesh ventilation, and eight adjustment points. Even the saddlebag height is adjustable. A large padded handle and rear-mounted leash hook mean you can remain in control when necessary. 

This pack offers plenty of room to support multi-day trips, but it’s light enough for day trips. As a bonus, the chest strap has an integrated bottle opener so you can crack open a cold one when you’ve finally reached the summit as your dog laps up the water they carried beside you.  

Best for small dogs: Doggles Extreme Backpack

Doggles

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Why it made the cut: The Doggles Extreme Backpack is one of the only models on the market suitable for super small breeds—like Dachsunds, Yorkies, Jack Russell Terriers, and other dogs with 12-inch girth.

Specs

• Uses: Day hikes 
• Sizes: XX-Small, X-Small, Small, Medium, Large 
• Adjustment points: 4

Pros

• Waterproof 
• Lightweight 
• Range of sizes 

Cons 

• Zippers and adjustment points can be difficult to manipulate

If you have a super small dog eager to pull their weight, the Doggles Extreme Backpack is one of the few options that will actually fit your pup. While teacup and toy breeds are never going to be able to carry a ton in their backs, you’ll certainly be able to fit a few poop bags and maybe a collapsible bowl. 

The Extreme comes in five sizes, and the smallest can fit pups with a chest size as small as twelve inches, which can hold roughly .23 liters. This waterproof model features reflective trim, Duraflex buckles, and shoulder cutouts to keep saddlebags stable. While small dogs really shouldn’t carry very much, this bag doubles as a harness that, on its own, can increase safety during long walks and other outings.

Best budget: Outward Hound Daypak

Outward Hound

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Why it made the cut: The Outward Hound Daypak is an ultra-lightweight model that will keep your furry friend comfortable during day hikes and short trips. 

Specs

• Uses: Day hikes and walks 
• Sizes: Medium, Large 
• Adjustment points: 4

Pros

• Weighs less than 1 pound
• Breathable mesh fabric 
• Four expandable pockets 
• Affordable

Cons 

• Sizing availability is limited 
• Lacks reflective trim

Though they may seem like a simple piece of equipment, a backpack can have a significant effect on your dog’s skeletal and muscular health, just like human packs. There are certainly super cheap options out there, but we recommend spending a few extra bucks to ensure you purchase a pack with a well-constructed, safe design. 

The Outward Hound Daypack is an excellent, budget-friendly option that doesn’t skimp on structural necessities. One of the lightest backpacks on the market, weighing less than a pound, it can still carry enough supplies for a long hike. It offers four expandable storage compartments, four adjustment points, mesh fabric, and a top handle. The Daypak is available in two bright colors, so you can easily keep an eye on Rover even when he darts ahead of you. 

What to consider when buying the best dog backpacks

If this is your first time purchasing a backpack for your furry pal, there are a few things you should know. Some dogs may strap on those saddlebags and feel right as rain, ready to trudge forward through the wilderness. Some dogs are just the opposite. They will flat out refuse to walk with a pack on their back. Some just can’t ignore the multiple straps, and there might not be a way to change their perspective. You might not know until you try. However, you can do a few things to get your dog acclimated to their packs. 

First, don’t plan any long walks when introducing a new backpack; in fact, the shorter the walk the better. This not only gives your pup room to get comfortable but it can alert you to any fit issues before you’ve committed to a long hike. Some experts even recommend placing the pack on the dog’s back and letting them walk around the house to get used to the feeling before strapping them in completely. 

You can also try to coax them into a backpack tryout with a few treats. Before filling the pack full, start by gradually introducing weight. Start with a lightweight, collapsible bowl or a roll of waste bags before throwing in a water bottle, and be sure you understand how much weight your dog can carry. As you add weight to the bag, make sure to distribute the contents evenly so your pup doesn’t have to exert more energy on one side of the body.

Dog size

The first thing to consider before buying a dog backpack is the size of your pup. Sizing for dog backpacks mirrors sizing for humans in that they come in extra-small through extra-large. Before buying, it’s helpful to know your dog’s weight—as well as their neck, overall length, and girth measurements—because many companies will offer a sizing chart to ensure you select the right model. 

When it comes to load and capacity, less can be more, especially for long walks. Your four-legged friend should never carry more than 25% of their own body weight, and it’s generally recommended that that number shift to 10-12% for long walks and steep hikes. Let’s say you weigh 150 pounds, think about how tired you would be if you were carrying almost 40 pounds up a challenging trail. 

Add weight slowly over time, work up to full capacity over the course of a few months and make sure to monitor your dog’s behavior throughout. You should also take care to do a little research regarding the breed. Just because you have a big dog does not always mean they should be schlepping a heavier pack. Some canines are predisposed to have skeletal, muscular, or joint pain. If you’re not sure, you can always check with your veterinarian before purchasing a new dog backpack. 

Construction

With so many options out there, it’s important to focus on the structural features that will keep your best friend safe wherever they travel. Some dog backpacks feature one holding compartment that sits directly on top of a canine’s back, similar to how humans carry their backpacks. While these may be suitable for short walks, it’s generally recommended to invest in a saddlebag model with two compartments that should sit comfortably along the sides of the body. These compartments will allow you to distribute weight evenly. Some saddlebags convert easily into a harness to complement those short walks. 

If you’re going on a long journey, consider investing in a dog backpack with a built-in water bladder (similar to a Camelbak). Using these bladders eliminates the imbalance caused by a sloshing water bottle. 

Fit & fabric

Beyond balance, a snug, secure fit is necessary to eliminate painful rubbing and chaffing that could lead to rashes. Typically, the more adjustment points, the better; they allow you to customize the fit in all the right areas without making sacrifices. The same is true for the number of straps. Two straps (one around the chest and neck, the other under the belly) are a fine way for a dog to carry a backpack. However, consider trying out a model with a T-strap that wraps around the neck/chest and uses a center strap to connect to the second loop around the belly for increased comfort and stability.

Safety 

There are a couple of key features that make a difference when it comes to safety and security outdoors. It’s good to choose a bright, identifiable fabric with some reflective elements. This will help you find your pup if they wander too far during an off-leash stretch and are also more likely to alert drivers and bikers of their presence on the road, just in case they end up where they don’t belong. 

Top handles will allow you to help your dog navigate rocky terrain by easily lifting them up, and multiple leash points will let you clip in quickly for extra control in crowded areas.

Other items

Now that you know how to fit your dog in a safe, sturdy backpack, you can think about what to fill it with. Barring weight restrictions, your adventurous pup should be able to carry most of what they need on the trail. One good rule of thumb is to pack whatever you would pack for yourself but for your canine. They’ll need water, something to drink out of, maybe a little food, and first aid on a hike. 

For a longer trip, say you’re going camping, you could add an extra layer (like an insulated vest), a backpacking bed, or protective boots. For more information about footwear for your dog, check out our recommendations for the best dog shoes.  Of course, it’s always a good idea to bring along biodegradable poop bags because you never know when they’ll need to go. 

FAQs

Final thoughts the best dog backpacks

Your favorite furry friends deserve to be comfortable and safe whenever they accompany you, which is why it’s important to carefully select the best dog backpack for trips both short and long. The most important thing to remember is that your pup needs a backpack that suits their size. Once you find a few models you know will fit, you can start to look at color, bag capacity, and fabric. Once you’ve selected the appropriate pick from the best dog backpacks, you’ll be able to plan out what you’ll pack and set your sights on the next adventure.

The post The best dog backpacks for 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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While wolves and domesticated dogs are distantly related, selective breeding has obviously led to some major differences between the wild predator and their cousins. One similarity that has remained over the years is in their vocalizations. 

Howling is a form of communication in wolves that is also found in numerous canine species, like Alaskan malamutes and Kleiner Münsterländer. However, domesticated dogs and their wild counterparts use howling a bit differently.

[Related: Ancient wolf DNA is being used to sniff out where our love story with dogs began.]

In wolves, howling is primarily used for long-distance communication with other wolves, as a way to mark territory boundaries, and to figure out where other wolves are based on their replies to howls.

For our domestic best friends, it’s a little more complex. Some breeds (such as sled dogs) are considered “hard howlers,” which means that they howl frequently and in “reply” to a non-howl sound like a bell or music. Other dog breeds never howl, despite being able to produce them. 

But how much of this distant language is shared? Researchers at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest, Hungary are investigating how domesticated dogs react to wolf howls and the role that genetics, sex, and age have on howling behavior. 

Their study published February 6 in the journal Communications Biology found that the dogs more closely related to wolves genetically, such as the Siberian husky, respond to wolf howls more than dog breeds like labrador retrievers which are more split from wolves genetically. 

They played recordings of wolf howls for 68 purebred family dogs and observed their behaviors. 

A root distance, or a breed’s genetic similarity to wolves, was used as a measure to test the effect of the howls on the breed. The breeds that are more closely related wolves, like huskies, are considered the “ancient breeds” while  domesticated dogs like beagles are the “modern breeds.”

“According to our results, breeds which are genetically more similar to wolves, are more prone to reply with their own howls to wolf howl playbacks,” said ELTE ethologist and study co-author Fanni Lehoczki, in a statement. “On the other hand, breeds more distantly related to wolves typically reacted with barking instead of howls. It seems that although howling is present in most breeds’ repertoire, it lost its functionality due to the changed social environment, thus, modern breeds do not use it in adequate situations.”

The team believes that those more closely related to wolves are able to process the information in the wolf howls better, and the ancient breeds may have gotten stressed about intruding on another pack’s territory and used howling as a way to avoid conflict—just like wolves in the wild.

[Related: Puppies beat out young wolves in one important skill.]

“Interestingly, this genetic effect on howling occurs only among older dogs [over 5 years old], for which an experience- or some age-related personality effect can be a plausible explanation,” said Tamás Faragó, a postdoctoral researcher at ELTE and study co-author, in a statement. “It is possible that, in line with our hypothesis, howling appearing with a higher level of stress is a fear reaction—older dogs are more fearful, which was already suggested by previous studies, but these speculations require further investigation.”

The team also tested the effects of sex and reproductive status of the dogs on howling behavior. They found that there was no difference between intact and spayed females, but intact and neutered males behaved differently. 

“Neutered males, which are in lack of testosterone, howl more in response to the playbacks. As neutered males are suggested to be more fearful, this result can be in line with our findings about responsiveness and more stressed behavior. Thus, the dog howl may mean ‘I am scared, don’t come closer’,” said Lehoczki.

This research is helping scientists understand how domestication and selective breeding by humans have changed canine vocal repertoire and the impact it has had on human relationships with the domestic dog.

The post Do domesticated dogs howl back at wolves? appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best dog multivitamins		Zesty Paws 11-in-1 Bites		SEE IT	Support your pup’s joints, gut, skin, and bladder health with this all-in-one pick.
Best dog multivitamin powder		Wholistic Canine Complete		SEE IT	Packed with protein, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics to support your furry best friend’s overall health.
Best vitamins for senior dogs		VetriScience Canine Plus Senior Multivitamin		SEE IT	Boost your older pooch’s daily nutrition with this affordable and chewable multivitamin.

You may scoff at the idea of dog vitamins, but they can provide essential supplements your pooch needs that you won’t find in their normal food. While regular kibble (and the occasional scrap of human food) may be delicious to the dog, it doesn’t always provide the most healthy dietary balance your pooch requires. Leading a healthy, happy life goes hand-in-hand—or paw-in-paw—with a well-balanced diet. As with humans, dogs have some basic vitamin and nutrient requirements that their bodies need to process in order to be in good health. These may include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, B-complex vitamins, calcium, folic acid, and phosphorus. Fortunately, these vitamins are generally included in any dog food labeled “complete and balanced.” That said, sometimes it may be necessary to complement your pup’s meals with extra pet vitamins and supplements, particularly if you feed your pooch homemade food or a raw diet. Here are a few of the best dog vitamins and supplements, formulated to help your pet live a long and thriving life.

• Best overall: Zesty Paws 11-in-1 Bites
• Best powder: Wholistic Canine Complete
• Best for puppies: Nutri-Vet Multi-Vite Chewable Supplement for Puppies
• Best for seniors: VetriScience Canine Plus Senior Multivitamin
• Best for all ages: NaturVet All-in-One Dog Supplement

The best dog vitamins: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: Zesty Paws 11-in-1 Bites

Zesty Paws

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Zesty Paws is a reputable, NASC-approved brand that has created this 11-in-1 bite to help aid your dog with joint support, heart, gut and immune function, skin health, antioxidant support, liver and urinary tract health, and brain function. Ingredients include cranberry, curcumin, glucosamine, a gut health blend, omega 3 fish oil, and more vet-approved nutrients. Each Zesty Paws container provides 90 chews in an inviting chicken flavor, so your pup will likely think these dog vitamins are a tasty treat. An Amazon bestseller, this is one of the best dog vitamins you can find on the market.

Best powder: Wholistic Canine Complete

Wholistic Pet Organics

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This organic dog vitamin is ideal for all dog ages and contains many vitamins, minerals, prebiotics and probiotics, digestive enzymes, fatty acids, and antioxidants created with your dog’s long-term health in mind. Certified by the NASC and made in the U.S., this multivitamin comes from organic products free of any by-products, synthetics, GMOs, or artificial flavoring. It promotes softer skin and a thicker coat, improves allergy symptoms, and boasts a great source of protein. Sprinkle the appropriate amount of vitamin powder in your dog’s food and you should see results in a few short weeks. 

Best for puppies: Nutri-Vet Multi-Vite Chewable Supplement for Puppies

Nutri-Vet

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The Nutri-Vet Multi-Vite chewable puppy vitamins are liver-flavored, meaning it can also be used as a treat while in puppy training mode. This product contains the full spectrum of minerals and vitamins to promote a healthy life and has been developed by veterinarians to help build strong bones and teeth, fight infection, support the nervous system and brain function, and help joint and immune health. Plus, at only $10.99, you’re paying about $0.18 per chewable, which is good news for your wallet.

Best for seniors: VetriScience Canine Plus Senior Multivitamin

VetriScience Laboratories

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These vitamins for dogs come in duck-flavored chews that are not only delicious, but also gentle on your senior friend’s mouth and gums. When dogs age, it becomes even more important to care for their immune systems. The VetriScience Canine Plus Senior Multivitamin does just this with a perfect mix of antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E, as well as selenium, all proven to help fight cell damage, boost the immune system, and keep your dog’s disposition sharp.

Best for all ages: NaturVet All-in-One Dog Supplement

NaturVet

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Made for furry friends of any age over 12 weeks, this dog vitamin features 4-in-1 support and utilizes a resealable jar for continued freshness. Your dog will appreciate the many improvements in his joints and digestion, as well as healthier skin and a shiny, thick coat. Plus, NaturVet is an FDA- and NSAC-audited manufacturer, meaning you can feel at ease knowing the company is safe, regulated, and reputable.

Understanding how to choose the best dog vitamins

Choosing a dog vitamin doesn’t have to feel like a difficult task, but there are some important factors to keep in mind. First and foremost, discuss with your veterinarian which vitamins and minerals will most benefit your dog’s specific health needs if any. If you are concerned that your dog has been exhibiting any recent health declines or new behavioral issues, you may want to ask your vet to run some tests. They may recommend a supplement for a particular vitamin deficiency, to complement a homemade or raw diet, or to provide extra support if your dog has mobility, skin, and coat, or cognitive issues. Once you have a comprehensive understanding of which types of vitamins and minerals may best aid your pup’s health, it then makes sense to choose one of these dog products.

When researching dog multivitamin brands, you’ll want to ensure they are reputable, with clear labeling of ingredients, health certifications from sources like the NASC (National Animal Supplement Council), and can provide proof of clinical studies of their products. Avoid brands that promise a solution to a medical issue, because vitamins are only health aids, not complete fixes. The best dog vitamins come in many different forms—chews, powders, pills, drops—so consider what will be easiest for you to administer and for your dog to ingest. Finally, make sure that you are only giving your dogs vitamins that have been formulated for canines. Human vitamins are specifically formulated for people and, as a result, may be toxic to your pet, so do not use them as if there were dog supplies.

1. Look for all-in-one dog vitamins

With so many dog supplements to choose from, your pet store bill can start to add up. Instead of buying multiple products that offer one or two vitamins or minerals per container, you and your pup may be better off opting for a multivitamin. So. Much. Easier. 

2. Try an easy meal mix-in

For some dogs, anything in pill form will have them lunging for the door. If your dog just can’t get on board with a vitamin in capsule or pill form, you may want to try out a powder instead. Dog vitamin powders contain many of the same multivitamins as you’d find in a pill, but are sold in a powder pack, generally by the pound. Depending on your dog’s size and weight, you’ll have to adjust the dose according to the product’s specifications, but vitamins in powder form should last you and your pup a while. A powder dog vitamin formula should be super easy to give to pets as you can mix it in with their food, so they’ll barely notice their mealtime has been enhanced by some incredible dog supplements.

3. The best dog vitamins that won’t break the bank 

Generally speaking, dog vitamins are quite affordable, costing just a few cents per pill or per serving when you break down the economics. That said, the products listed below have been specifically chosen based on and target dog age. Coming in at less than $13 for a pack of 60 vitamins—or less than $0.20 per vitamin—these dog supplements will be easy on the wallet and positive for your pooch’s well-being.

FAQs

The final word on the best dog vitamins and supplements

The saying “health is wealth” is not only true for people, but also for our furry friends. As pet owners, we want our dogs to feel safe, healthy, happy, and sharp for as long as possible. By complementing a balanced diet with specifically formulated dog multivitamins, you’ll be setting your dog up for success. And given the abundance of high-quality, trustworthy, and comprehensive vitamins for dogs available today, you can feel good about giving your pooch a tasty, veterinarian-approved treat each day.

The post The best dog vitamins of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best for oral hygiene		Greenies Natural Dental Dog Treats		SEE IT	Give your pup the freshest of breath with these natural treats that fight plaque and tartar buildup.
Best organic treats		Crunchy Dog Treats		SEE IT	Filled with protein, fiber, and organic ingredients, your pooch will love these all-natural treats.
Best for training		Blue-9 Inspire Training Treats		SEE IT	These bite-size and mess free treats are the perfect tool to use while training your pup on-the-go.

If you’re a dog owner—or just a general dog lover—you’ll want to give your pup a tasty snack every now and then (and let’s be honest, he deserves it). Whether you’re teaching a puppy a new trick, hoping to impress your friends with how smart your dog is, or you want to give your good boy or girl some extra loving and adoration, it’s important to make sure the treats we give are both delicious and nutritious. Whether you need puppy treats for training, treats for your diabetic dog, or just your picky pooch’s favorite flavor, your local pet store or supermarket will have a multitude of options. Check out the below recommendations for the best dog treats so that you won’t have to stand in that aisle sifting through all of the possibilities yourself!

• Best for oral hygiene: Greenies Natural Dental Dog Treats
• Best vegetarian dental treats: Whimzees Brushzees Natural Dog Dental Treat
• Best organic treats without meat: Wet Noses Organic Crunchy Dog Treats
• Best organic treats with meat: Evanger’s Jerky Treats
• Best for training: Blue-9 Inspire Training Treats
• Best budget: DreamBone Grill Masters T-Bones

The best dog treats: Reviews & Recommendations

While of course you’ll want to consult your vet about specific preventative measures that should be handled in his or her office, you can certainly start the prevention process by investing in some of the best dog treats to help oral hygiene. Get started by checking out the two recommended below!

Best for oral hygiene: Greenies Natural Dental Dog Treats

Greenies

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Known for fighting tartar and plaque while also freshening smelly dog breath, Greenies dog treats come highly regarded from vets, and have been approved by the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). These treats are made with natural ingredients and feature a nutritious, well-balanced recipe which is easy to digest and ensures excellent health. A Greenie per day is one of the best dog treats for maximum oral health and happiness!

Best vegetarian dental treats: Whimzees Brushzees Natural Dog Dental Treat

Whimzees

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The Whimzees Brushzees come in Extra Small, Small, Medium, and Large sizes that are perfect for dogs between 5 and 60 pounds. Give your pooch one of these as part of his daily routine in order to reduce nasty plaque and tartar.  Plus, you can rest easy knowing that the Veterinary Oral Health Council-approved company has a large focus on sustainability and produces treats in their energy-efficient facility in the Netherlands. 

Best organic treats without meat: Wet Noses Organic Crunchy Dog Treats

Wet Noses

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Made without corn, dairy, wheat, or soy, these organic dog treats are also USDA organic and non-GMO verified. The Wet Noses brand is committed to providing healthy and organic treats, and offers a robust line of other flavors like quinoa & pumpkin dog treats, apple & ginger snacks, sweet potato, and more. These treats are great for all sizes and ages, and can be easily broken into smaller pieces for the smaller pups, or simply to last longer. 

Best organic treats with meat: Evanger’s Jerky Treats

Evanger’s Dog & Cat Food Company, Inc.

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These high-quality, chewy dog treats are made from low-fat white game meat and are very rich in vitamins and micronutrients. With ingredients like organic chicken, dried chicory root, skim milk, blueberries, cranberries, and carrots, your dog will be salivating just looking at one. They are rich in protein and moisture and can be torn easily if you want to give your pup just a taste or use them for training purposes. 

Best for training: Blue-9 Inspire Training Treats

Blue-9

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Each piece is smaller than the size of a quarter, making it easy to hold in your hand while you practice that new trick, and also appropriate for dogs of all sizes. Made with high-quality ingredients sourced all over the world (including coconut oil, chicken liver, and tapioca starch), these are wholesome treats that will compliment your pet’s daily meals.

Best budget: DreamBone Grill Masters T-Bones

DreamBone

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If you’re looking for a high-value treat for your pup, look no further than DreamBone. These will not only get your dog’s attention instantaneously, but they are enriched with nutritional vitamins and minerals, too. Plus, these dog chews are ideal for helping out your dog’s teeth and gums, puppies and seniors included. 

What to look for in the best dog treats

It makes sense to want to spoil your dog with the best treats you can find, but there are few important things to keep in mind.

• Portion size: Consider the appropriate amount of treats for your pooch, which correlates to their size and weight. A 5-pound dog shouldn’t get as many as a 50-pound dog. If your dog is on a diet or needs specialty items, like diabetic dog treats, this can determine how much to give them.
• Flavor: If your pooch is picky with their food, they’ll probably be picky with their treats, too. Aim for your dog’s favorite flavors: if Fido loves peanut butter, look for peanut butter dog treats! If she’s more of a pumpkin lover, give her some pumpkin dog treats. If he likes chicken…you get the idea.
• Ingredients: Check out the ingredients of any treat to make sure it aligns with your dog’s nutritional needs. Look for a well-balanced formula that contains minerals, vitamins, and other real ingredients. Human-grade treats are a plus!
• Oral health: Treats can aid in your dog’s oral health and hygiene without visiting the vet or brushing those teeth yourself. Certain dog chews are made for breaking down tartar and plaque, and others focus on improving dog breath. Choose your dog treat accordingly.
• Purpose: Are you teaching your dog a trick? Do you want a treat that will last while you’re out of the house? Are you looking for CBD dog treats for anxiety? Certain treats may work better for one scenario than for the other, so consider the context of why you are rewarding your pup with a treat before buying.

Dog treats should make up no more than 10 percent of your dog’s overall daily diet—treats should not be a replacement for meals!

If you’re looking to help out those chompers

One of the most typical and useful benefits of giving your dog a dog treat has to do with their teeth. Our dogs’ teeth matter and shouldn’t be overlooked. By taking preventative measures, we can avoid many doggy dental health issues like periodontal disease, which results from a buildup of tartar and plaque in the mouth. By looking after our doggy’s teeth, we can help them avoid unnecessary pain, tooth loss, bad breath, and more. 

If you’re looking for organic dog supplies

Organic is certainly a buzzword these days, but what does it really mean? Well, it basically is the process of ensuring that each ingredient is made without artificial chemicals and is sourced from high-quality and trustworthy manufacturers. For treats made in the USA, you can look for a “certified organic” stamp as approved from the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), which follows the USDA’s National Organic Program standards. 

If you’ve always bought organic dog supplies, or are thinking about making the switch to the benefit of your hungry pooch’s health, we’re here to help. Check out the below best organic dog treats.

If you’re looking for the best dog training treats

It’s no secret that dogs will twirl, shake hands, or even play dead when food is on the line. Since dogs are food-motivated creatures, one of the best ways to teach an old (or new) dog new tricks is by positively reinforcing them with rewards like the best dog training treats you can find. 

When you are in training mode, you may be giving your more treats than usual, so it’s important to look into what you are feeding them! Buying a product that is specifically designed for dog training is a great idea. Check out the strongly recommended training dog treats below.

Dog supplies don’t have to break the bank

Want to reward your pet with a nice, economically sound treat? There are plenty of options for you. While some treats include almost too-fancy ingredients like salmon that will have you splurging, others are very reasonable. That said, you should always look at the ingredients and sourcing information to make sure everything is safe for your furry friend to eat. 

Many products come out to be approximately 10 to 15 dollars per pound. The highly recommended one below rings in at less than 12 dollars per pound.

FAQs

When in doubt, ask your vet about the best dog treats for your pooch

Our good boys and girls should know they’re doing good every now and then. What better way to show them we appreciate them than with a delicious dog treat? Make sure you have an understanding of the ingredients, especially if your dog has any underlying nutritional issues. When in doubt, ask your vet if a certain dog treat will sit well with your dog or not. And make sure to remember that treats are just that—they should not be used to replace meals, but rather reward your pup once in a blue moon for a job well done. Happy rewarding!

The post The best dog treats of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		SportDOG Brand 425X Remote Trainers		SEE IT	A well-rounded training collar that offers numerous desired features to curb stubborn dog behavior.
Best for barking		PATPET Dog Training Collar		SEE IT	An accessible and entry-level training e-collar for dogs to target barking or other obedience behavior.
Best for hunting dogs		Garmin Sport Pro		SEE IT	Explicitly designed for extensive in-field use, the training collar offers up to 10 stimulation levels with the best long range for hunting adventures.

If you recently adopted a new dog or have a headstrong four-legged family member, a training collar for stubborn dogs can curb problem behaviors. Unfortunately, most dogs develop challenging traits and behaviors due to a lack of training or socialization. While using a training collar takes additional time and commitment, it is one of the most effective ways to stop negative behavior. With repetitive positive reinforcement, you will have a happy and well-behaved companion by your side. 

It’s important to note that improper use of these collars can lead to injury and discomfort in your dog. They can also cause aggression and teach bad behaviors if used improperly so we strongly recommend you talk to your vet or a qualified trainer before using any of these devices. Whether you’re starting the training process with a new best friend or trying to teach an old dog a new trick, we’ve put together a list of the best training collars for stubborn dogs.

• Best overall: SportDOG Brand 425X Remote Trainers
• Best for barking: PATPET Dog Training Collar
• Best for aggressive dogs: PetSafe Remote Dog Training Collar
• Best for hunting dogs: Garmin Sport Pro
• Best budget: Petrainer PET998DBB Training Collar

How we selected the best training collars for stubborn dogs

You might be surprised to find out how many different styles of dog training collars there are on the market. However, we quickly narrowed down the list, combining personal experience, sorting through reviews, and consulting with dog trainers. As a result, some common brands stand out from the competition in the dog-training realm. We’ve provided you with the top training collars so you and your dog can enjoy a long and stubborn-free life together.

The best training collars for stubborn dogs: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: SportDOG Brand 425X Remote Trainers

SportDOG Brand

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Why it made the cut: A well-rounded training collar that offers numerous desired features to curb stubborn dog behavior.

Specs

• Waterproof and submersible to 25 feet using DryTek technology
• Interchangeable short and long contact points capability

Pros

• Easy to use
• Range up to 500 yards
• Supports training for multiple dogs
• Fast rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Cons

• Expensive

If you are looking to stop nuisance barking, aggressive on-leash behavior, or train for off-leash hiking with your dog, the SportDog FieldTrainer can help solve your problem. Training your stubborn dog doesn’t have to be complicated with the right tools, knowledge, and commitment. 

The seven levels of stimulation allow you to modify the training process to achieve the desired behavior quickly. Stubborn dogs tend to have a mind of their own. With durability and the best waterproof capability, you can feel confident that the training collar will hold up to any unforeseen occurrences. In addition, the interchangeable contact points provide flexibility for breeds with thick fur. While the SportDog collar may have a higher price point, it’s no surprise why it’s the top choice used by dog trainers with such an outstanding balance of desired features. 

Best for barking: PATPET Dog Training Collar

PATPET

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Why it made the cut: An accessible and entry-level training e-collar for dogs to target barking or other obedience behavior. 

Specs

• Remote range of 1,000 feet 
• Waterproof receiver rated at IPX7
• Humane, Safe, and Effective

Pros

• Three training modes: Beep, Vibration, and Static
• User-friendly 
• Inexpensive
• Wide variety of color options

Cons

• Weaker vibration and static on dogs with thick fur

While a dog might find barking to be a helpful alert system for strangers or to communicate with other dogs, if perpetual, it can lead to disruptive behavior. The PATPET dog training collar provides dog owners with an affordable solution to stop obnoxious barking and nuisance behavior.

With the three training modes, you can choose the stimulation method that works best for you and your dog. A bonus feature is that you can personalize your dog’s training collar by choosing your favorite color. Obedience training doesn’t have to be boring.

Best for aggressive dogs: PetSafe Remote Dog Training Collar

PetSafe

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Why it made the cut: The fast-charging training collar and durable digital remote allow for training on the go. The PetSafe training collar works best paired with positive reinforcement for medium to large dogs that display aggressive behavior. 

Specs

• For medium and large dogs
• Great for behavior training and correction
• It comes with a complete training manual

Pros

• Two quick-charging lithium-ion batteries included
• Additional training accessory options
• Waterproof and lightweight

Cons

• Not recommended for dogs under 8 lbs

Taking a walk around the neighborhood with your aggressive dog can be stressful and leave you feeling defeated. However, by using consistent obedience training and the help of the PetSafe Remote Dog Training Collar, you can enjoy long walks or outdoor activities with your dog once again.

In addition to the quick charging handy remote and training collar, you will receive a complete training manual to start the training process off right. With range options between 300 and 900 feet, you can select the targeted collar and range you find most comfortable to tailor your training to your dog’s specific behavior. 

Best for hunting dogs: Garmin Sport Pro

Garmin

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Why it made the cut: Explicitly designed for extensive in-field use, the training collar offers up to 10 stimulation levels with the best long-range for hunting adventures. 

Specs

• Ergonomically designed
• Waterproof and rated to IPX7
• Range up to 1,300 feet or ¾ mile
• Built-in beacon lights to locate your dog in low-light conditions

Pros

• Compact and lightweight
• Ten stimulation levels
• Interchangeable short and long contact points
• Customizable colors and accessory options
• Durable for extensive in-field use

Cons

• Expensive
• Requires additional devices to train multiple dogs

If you’re an outdoor enthusiast, you are probably familiar with Garmin. Not only do they make high-quality gear for backcountry exploration, but they have the best shock collar for hunting dogs. 

The experiences you share with your dog while hunting in the field create a unique bond with your dog. However, before heading out into the field, it’s essential to make sure your dog is trained, and the best way to do that is by starting with a training collar. 

The Garmin Sport Pro was designed with hunters and their loved best friends in mind. The compact and lightweight design has a 1,300-feet range to prove that. While most training collars have a range of 500 feet, the Garmin Sport Pro offers additional distance to hunters to retain control over their dogs while out hunting for quarry. 

Best budget: Petrainer PET998DBB Training Collar

Petrainer

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Why it made the cut: An affordable option for dog owners looking to teach basic commands or stop bad behavior.

Specs

• Basic entry model for beginners
• 1-year warranty
• Requires two lithium polymer batteries

Pros

• Affordable
• Adjustable sizes for all dogs
• Range up to 330 yards

Cons

• Less durable & long-lasting
• Longer charge

With a lower price point than other dog training collars, the Petrainer collar allows dog owners to take control of their boisterous dog without breaking the bank. The Petrainer dog training collar ranges up to 330 feet, making it an excellent option for initial off-leash obedience training. In addition, the Petrainer is suitable for dogs of all breeds or sizes. 

If you’re looking to explore and use training collars but are unsure of how to start, this is a good starter collar for beginners. It is user-friendly and can be used for all breeds and sizes. In addition, the 330-foot range will allow you to start within a comfortable short distance range until you’re ready to step up to a higher-quality training collar. 

Things to consider before buying a training collar for a stubborn dog

Data shows that positive reinforcement with treats and other rewards provides the absolute best way to train a dog, but not every pooch responds to that kind of training. While some vets and organizations reject the use of corrective collars, others embrace them as an opportunity to train a stubborn dog and give it a chance to live a more balanced life.

Choosing a suitable dog training collar can be challenging with so many features, stimulation methods, and convenient capabilities. When purchasing a training collar, the first step is to clearly identify what behavior you want to train your dog. Then you can start narrowing down on features that will enable you to do that. Here are some helpful factors to consider before purchasing a training collar.

Training modes

Each training collar has different training modes. Some may offer static, spray, vibration, or ultrasonic. While each provides different training methods and benefits, the most effective is static. With a static or shock training collar, you can modify and adjust the stimulation levels to suit your dog’s reactivity and behavior. We know shock collars are controversial.

Range

Are you trying to stop your dog from barking in the backyard? Then there’s no need to get a training collar with a 1,000-foot range. A shorter range of 300 feet might be adequate in that situation. However, if you’re looking to train your dog to be off-leash, that range of 1,000 feet or more might come in handy. Choosing the proper range for you and your dog will all depend on that identified behavior you desire.

Size and fit

Most training collars are adjustable to fit small, medium, and large dogs of all breeds. However, you’ll want to check the recommended weight for each collar. Some collars are not recommended for dogs under a weight of 8 lbs. In addition, if your dog has a thick, dense coat, you’ll want a training collar with interchangeable short and long contact points to ensure a proper fit. The training collar will securely fit just above their traditional dog collar. Make sure to find the best dog collars to accompany your training collar.

FAQs

Final thoughts on the best training collars for stubborn dogs

Your dog is your best friend. The best way to give them a happy and meaningful long life is to have a solid foundation of training that develops into mutual trust and respect. Our best overall pick, the SportDOG Brand 425X Remote Trainers, offers a great balance of range, training modes, and durability to tackle the most stubborn behavior. A reliable and durable training collar can make all the difference in providing a safe, happy, and healthy life for your dog.

The post The best training collars for stubborn dogs of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		KONG Classic		SEE IT	Your pup will work to get treats out of this fun, snowman-shaped toy.
Best for tug of war		KONG Wubba		SEE IT	Encourage your dog’s competitive instincts with this long-lasting toy for two.
Best budget		KONG Goodie Bone		SEE IT	Fill this affordable and durable pick with peanut butter to keep your pup coming back for more.

The best advice for any pet parent may just be that “a tired dog is a well-behaved dog.” Our pups love play and stimulation and, just like us, they start to go stir-crazy if their minds and bodies aren’t active. Luckily, pet owners have a vast assortment of rubber dog toys, among other types, to choose from to help keep their pup chasing, chewing, tugging, alert, and thinking throughout the day. The KONG line in particular offers an array of thoughtfully developed interactive dog toys. Below, we’ve rounded up a few of the best Kong dog toys for your dog-friendly household.

• Best overall: KONG Classic
• Best for puppies: KONG Puppy Activity Ball
• Best for aggressive chewers: KONG Extreme Ball
• Best for tug of war: KONG Wubba
• Best budget: KONG Goodie Bone

The best KONG dog toys: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: KONG Classic

KONG

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Why it made the cut: This classic toy is super-durable and has a compartment for storing treats for more stimulating play.

Pros:

• Very durable
• Fill with treats for long play
• Classic shape

Cons:

• Heavy so it makes noise if the dog throws it around

The Kong Classic is well-known amongst dog owners. Dogs love working to get treats out of the hollow rubber toy, and they’re unlikely to give up before they complete the task. The snowman-shaped toy bounces unpredictably, making it an enjoyable challenge to both catch and fetch. This durable toy is made from a thick rubber that is dishwasher safe, and there is a size perfect for every dog. 

Best for puppies: KONG Puppy Activity Ball

KONG

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Why it made the cut: Softer rubber makes this toy more fun for pups who are just developing their teeth and jaws.

Pros:

• Still tough despite softer rubber
• Opening allows treats to fit inside that pups will need to get out
• Highly visible color

Cons:

• Particularly strong puppies might damage it more quickly than the typical Kong

The Kong Puppy Activity Ball is a fun dog toy for pups under nine months old. It’s made of soft rubber so their little jaws and teeth are strong enough to give it a good chew. Use the light bouncy ball for a game of fetch, or fill it with treats or peanut butter so your dog can chew and puzzle through it. The bigger the treat, the more difficult it is to extract, so if younger puppies have a hard time solving this one, break up the treats into smaller pieces and let them enjoy the reward. If your over-achieving dog figures it out too quickly, try sticking it in the freezer for a few hours to make the game more challenging. 

Best for aggressive chewers: KONG Extreme Ball

KONG

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Why it made the cut: With a smooth surface and extra-burly materials, even the strongest jaws will have trouble destroying this toy.

Pros:

• Puncture-resistant material won’t break down under strong bites
• Uniform surface doesn’t create weak spots
• Predictable bounces when thrown due to uniform shape

Cons:

• Plain design isn’t exciting to look at

Durability is the word when you give your pup Kong Extreme Ball. This toy, made from puncture-resistant rubber for your dog’s safety, is the perfect choice for power-chewers. Unlike the Classic or Activity Ball designs, the Kong ball isn’t completely hollow, but it does have a hole that’s big enough for a treat or dental stick, so your dog can benefit from mental stimulation as well as serious chew time. The Extreme Ball is also great for playing fetch, so your dog can get some sprints in to stay fit and healthy.

Best for tug of war: KONG Wubba

KONG

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Why it made the cut: Durable straps are good for gripping.

Pros:

• Tough straps can stand up to strong jaws
• Fun design
• Surfaces are easy to grip

Cons:

• Extremely strong chewers might make quick work of straps

The Kong Wubba is another popular toy amongst dog owners due to its tough nylon cover and fun flapping tails. The Wubba’s squeaker awakens a dog’s primal hunting instincts, and they’ll love the way the tails flap when they shake it in their mouths. The tails also make this dog toy ideal for tugging games with their humans. Reviewers who swear by the Kong Wubba say that this toy lasts years and years.

Best budget: KONG Goodie Bone

KONG

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Why it made the cut: Puncture-proof material won’t break down when playing with this versatile toy.

Pros:

• Traditional design
• Extremely tough
• Versatile enough for fetch, tug-o-war, and more.

Cons:

• Very strong chewers might get through it quicker than they would the ball

The Goodie Bone is a simple plastic dog bone made from Kong’s signature durable rubber. It comes in a variety of sizes, including puppy, small, medium, large, and extreme (prices vary according to size). The bone has slots at each end to fill with treats or peanut butter to keep your pup busy and active between chewing sessions. One reviewer says this bone can take a beating and that her purchase has lasted five years and counting.

Things to consider when shopping for the best KONG dog toys

In our search for the best KONG dog toys, we sought high-quality, durable products. New dog owners may be tempted to pick up any cheap dog toys for their pet, but seasoned owners know that quality is important in any kind of pet gear. When your fluffy pal’s hunting instinct kicks in, they’ll rip squeaky stuffed animals to shreds. And when they’re actually itching for some mental stimulation, they might methodically tear a plastic chew toy into a hundred tiny pieces out of boredom or frustration. 

The Kong company, which has been around for over 40 years, is a prominent brand in the pet world. Kong is famous for its line of enduring dog toys and perhaps best known for its dog puzzle toys. The classic Kong toy is a hollow, snowman-shaped sphere of heavy plastic with a small hole in the bottom, designed to be filled with peanut butter or treats so your dog can spend time carefully working to get the good stuff out. It’s fun to watch a pup plug away, chewing and tossing the Kong around, or even batting at it with their paws. 

However, the Kong brand extends far beyond the classic dog chew toys. The company boasts many other types of toys, including rubber dog toys, plush dog toys, antler chew treat toys, rope knots, and much more. With so many to choose from, we narrowed down five of our favorites for you and your favorite fido.

Interactive dog toys for much-needed mental stimulation

Dogs can feel anxiety and boredom just like humans do and, much like humans, these feelings can lead to depression. Interactive dog toys help to prevent those negative feelings because they require your dog to participate in play, even if they’re playing alone. When your dog spends time working on a puzzle and is subsequently rewarded when it doles out a dog treat, they get the thrill of accomplishment. That’s why the overall best choice when purchasing a dog toy is an interactive puzzle toy that keeps your pup busy while also providing a tasty reward at the end of the play session.

Give growing pups something safe to chew 

The most important thing to consider when shopping for dog toys is safety. The Kong company website offers different strengths of rubber for different stages in your dog’s life. For example, the puppy stage is the prime time for chewing. A puppy may destroy anything it can get its little jaws or paws on, including your shoes, books, the deed to your home, all of your cash, the walls—really, anything. They aren’t behaving badly for no reason; they’re simply trying to soothe the pain of their sore, teething gums while developing their jaw strength. If your furry friend has started tearing your house to shreds, a Kong chew toy made especially for puppies can help put their chewing habits to appropriate use.

Rope knots for solo fun or playing tug of war with a pal 

Dogs love different kinds of play, so it’s great to have a mix of different functioning toys. Kong balls and Kong frisbees are great for catch and fetch, while chew toys and stuffed animals are nice for when they want to relax and chew. Having a small armory of dog toys ensures your pet has something fun for every mood, and that includes rope toys.

Rope knots are by nature made from a thick, heavy material, and even though dogs can destroy almost anything, these toys are generally strong, long-lasting, and they are a great option for a dog chew toy. As an added bonus, rope knots are perfect for one of a dog’s favorite games: tug of war. There’s nothing cuter than a dog getting into a play bow stance and lightheartedly growling as you tug back and forth. Kong offers several rope knots and other dog toys similarly designed for one-on-one playtime. 

Super-strength rubber dog toys survive even the toughest chompers

Softer rubber is best for puppies and seniors, while harder rubber is best for full-grown dogs who are strong enough to rip softer pieces apart that could create a choking hazard. Similarly, the size of the toy matters—a Great Dane’s favorite Kong ball would give a dachshund a lot of trouble. Find toys that are appropriate sizes for your pup to maximize their use. That said, bigger, full-grown dogs who have sharp teeth and powerful jaws will need a tougher product made of sturdy materials. Even Kong admits that there’s no such thing as an indestructible dog toy, but the brand’s Extreme toy line is made from an exceptionally durable rubber that withstands more than most other toys. Many of the best Kong dog toys are made with Extreme rubber, including the Classic toy, Kong frisbees, Goodie Bones, and more. They’re light enough for play, but also made with prolonged chewing in mind. 

The best dog toy on a budget

While you’ll need to reach deeper into your pockets for certain Kong toys, many of them are reasonably wallet-friendly. If you’re in the market for an inexpensive Kong toy, your best bet is to look for one that will last and is safe for your dog without causing a risk of choking on ripped plastic. Cheaper Kong dog toys may not have the versatility of some more expensive products, but your dog-parent peace of mind is what matters most.

FAQs

Related: Keep your dog close and controlled with the best dog leash

The final word on shopping for the best Kong dog toys

We love our pups. They’re loyal, adorable, and playful, and they bring so much joy to our lives. The least we can do is return the favor and bring joy to theirs by giving them as much playtime as possible. Remember: The best KONG dog toys are perfect for wearing out your curious puppy and keeping your adult dog stimulated.

The post The best KONG dog toys of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Best overall		Zuke’s Mini Naturals		SEE IT	The variety of flavors is great for picky pups and the small size allows you to train without worrying about overfeeding.
Best organic		Full Moon Organic Training Treats		SEE IT	The treats are 100% human-grade—savory, soft, and delicious.
Best for puppies		Pet Botanics Training Reward		SEE IT	You can choose between mini or regular-sized treats, so you can find the best size for you and your pup.

The pet store can overwhelm well-intentioned dog owners as they peruse the packed aisles searching for dog training treats. You may find yourself standing in an aisle wondering if you should stick with the traditional peanut butter flavor or something more exotic like duck or salmon. 

Treats play a pivotal role in developing an effective line of communication with your four-legged friend. Training is one of the most important steps in bringing home a new puppy or teaching your beloved dog a new trick. 

With solid leadership and training, you can communicate effectively with your pup, which will make life easier and happier for both of you. The best dog training treats provide a delicious reward that will reinforce good behavior while providing solid nutrition that won’t turn your pooch into a couch potato.

• Best overall: Zuke’s Mini Naturals
• Best organic: Full Moon Organic Training Treats
• Best for puppies: Pet Botanics Training Reward
• Best for protein: Redbarn Protein Puffs
• Best for large dogs: Old Mother Hubbard Dog Treats
• Best budget: Buddy Biscuits Training Bites

How we chose the best dog training treats

We wish we could say that we sampled them all for the benefit of the dogs. However, we left it to the dogs themselves to choose their favorites. After decades of personal experience with dogs, talking with dog trainers, and combing through dog owner reviews, Zuke’s Mini Naturals stood out among the competition as the best overall dog training treat among our sample group. Not only is Zuke’s based in the U.S., but the company originated from a dog owner wanting to provide his best friend with the very best product. However, dogs may have individual preferences and your vet may provide some very valuable insight about what to use, so definitely consult a professional with any questions and explore various categories and products till you find the one that matches your pet.

The best dog training treats: Reviews & Recommendations

As you look through our picks for the best dog training treats, remember that every dog will be different, so adjust and modify your dog’s treats as you learn more about what they like. If your dog ends up hating the treats you bought, you may be able to give them away on a local marketplace site. Or, if they’re unopened, animal shelters will often take them. Don’t let them go to waste!

Best overall: Zuke’s Mini Naturals

Zuke’s

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Why it made the cut: Delicious, soft, and small, making it ideal for teaching basic commands or more challenging tasks.

Specs

• Less than three calories per treat
• Made in the USA

Pros

• Great for all breeds and life stages
• Behavior training
• Six flavors to choose from

Cons

• Not recommended for humans

With all-natural ingredients and flavors such as salmon, duck, rabbit, and peanut butter, you’ll likely find something your dog likes, even if they’re particularly picky. Zuke’s Mini Naturals’ best feature is built right into the product’s name. The small size allows you to train with your puppy or dog without worrying about overfeeding. 

Try cutting them in half if you are training a tiny puppy and want to conserve your training treat supply. While the treats may have a robust, savory smell that may be off-putting to owners, your dog will enthusiastically love the tasty treats. In addition, the mini treats are the ideal size to put in your jacket pocket or training pouch while you head outdoors for continued training. 

Best organic: Full Moon Organic Training Treats

Full Moon

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Why it made the cut: Quality, all-natural ingredients with 100% human-grade chicken and duck flavors. 

Specs

• Less than three calories each
• 175 treats per bag
• Made in the U.S.

Pros

• Suitable for all breed sizes
• 100% human-grade
• Additional organic jerky treat options

Cons

• 5-ounce bag
• Minimal flavor options

Full Moon is proud to offer soft and organic dog treats. In addition, the treats are 100% human-grade. So while you can chow down on a snack with your pup, you probably won’t want to.

Full Moon dog treats are excellent for any breed or size. Despite the 5-ounce bag size, the treats are savory, soft, and delicious. They eschew glycerin, grains, corn, wheat, and soy, the organic training treats are great for supplemental treats throughout the day. 

A single 6-ounce bag contains about 175 treats. Some sites offer them on a subscription basis, which helps bring the price down.

Best for puppies: Pet Botanics Training Reward

Pet Botanics

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Why it made the cut: High quantity of treats per bag is the best value for the initial stages of puppy training. 

Specs

• Three calories per treat
• Approximately 500 treats per bag

Pros

• Three options: Mini, Regular, Grain-Free
• Suitable for all breed sizes
• Easy to carry in your pocket

Cons

• Small convenient size can lead to overfeeding

With over 500 treats per bag, you won’t have to keep resupplying your dog treat stash. The Pet Botanics Training Reward treats are great for all breeds and sizes. The small round shape allows you to have complete control of the treat while waiting for your boisterous pup to perform the requested task. In addition, the soft texture is ideal for young and developing puppy mouths. With multiple delicious flavors to offer your puppy, your dog will stay engaged longer and learn new tricks in no time. 

The benefit of Pet Botanics is that you can choose between mini or regular-sized treats. So whether you have a small Bichon or a large Bernese Mountain Dog, you can find the best size for you and your pup. 

Best for protein: Redbarn Protein Puffs

RedBarn

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Why it made the cut: These tiny puffs have the shortest possible ingredient list and that’s a good thing when it comes to dog treats. 

Specs

• 0.5 calories per treat
• Grain-free
• 75 percent protein

Pros

• High protein content
• Less than one calorie per treat
• Crunchy
• Subscription available

Cons

• Only two flavor choices

Typical reward treats check in at around three calories per treat. These savory puffs come in under one calorie, which makes them a great option for high-volume training or for use with dogs that are overweight. 

Each puff contains roughly 75-percent protein, which comes from an ingredient called caseinate common in supplements and food products intended for human consumption. Despite their relatively low-calorie count, the puffed treats provide a solid crunch that will appeal to dogs of all sizes. They’re only available in cheese and peanut butter flavor, but Redbarn also sells a version intended for cats if you have a variety of pets in your house. 

Once you’re done training, the puffs can also act as a food topper for adding extra protein to a dog’s diet. 

Best for large dogs: Old Mother Hubbard Dog Treats

Old Mother Hubbard

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Why it made the cut: Various-sized appetizing oven-baked dog treats perfect for larger breeds.

Specs

• Flavorful oven-baked dog treats
• Established home-style recipes since 1926
• Multiple bone-shaped treat options

Pros

• All-natural ingredients
• Suitable for all breed sizes and life stages
• A healthy supplemental snack for diet

Cons

• Intended for intermittent training

With nearly 100 years of experience, Old Mother Hubbard is a staple in the dog treat world. All dogs have different flavor or texture preferences and for those larger dogs that love a crunchy, oven-baked treat, this is a clear choice. The variety of all-natural ingredients and flavors—such as p-nuttier, savory mix, or bac’n’cheez—will leave your dog wanting more. 

While Old Mother Hubbard treats may not be ideal for extended or repetitive training due to their caloric content, they are perfect for reinforcing positive behavior and overall basic commands. For example, keep a bag by the door to greet strangers or reward basic commands such as shaking, sitting, down, or staying.

Best budget: Buddy Biscuits Training Bites

Buddy Biscuits

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Why it made the cut: Compact, low-calorie treats that include 500 treats per bag, so dog training doesn’t cost a fortune.

Specs

• Soft texture for all breed sizes 
• 500 treats per bag
• 7-ounce or 10-ounce option

Pros

• Great for repetitive training or dog puzzles
• Suitable for positive reinforcement training
• Only 1.5 calories per treats

Cons

• Only two flavors to choose from

While Buddy Biscuits are limited to either chicken or bacon flavors, they offer 500 small treats per bag. That makes them economical in both a budgetary and calorie sense. Buddy Biscuits Training Bites are great for positive reinforcement and obedience training if you have a brand new puppy and are in the thick of training. With small bite-sized chewy pieces that resemble the size of a pencil eraser, you can reward your dog with proper timing and consistency. 

Even though they’re small, big dogs may still react positively to the small treats, which is good if you have a dog that’s on the hefty side, which can be the case with rescues or other adopted pooches. 

Things to consider before buying the best dog training treats

Before stocking up on multiple training treats for your new puppy or dog, you’ll want to test out a few flavors and textures beforehand. Some dogs may have taste preferences, sensitive stomachs, or simply are not food-driven. Start by finding a similar flavor to their everyday kibble and expand and build taste profiles. From there, keep in mind the following things:

Size & texture

When it comes to training treats, size matters. It is not only more convenient to have multiple small treats in your hand, but it leads to better overall timing and consistency when training. In addition, if you’re training for an extended period, those treat calories add up. So tiny, bite-sized treats are more effective at reinforcing positive behavior than stumbling to find a sizeable bone-shaped treat in your pocket.

Flavor

Fortunately, with the growing popularity of healthy savory treats, you don’t have to settle for traditional peanut butter or bacon flavors anymore. Instead, add a little variety to your dog’s diet and introduce duck, chicken, salmon, or rabbit flavors into their lives. In addition, there are organic or all-natural ingredient options to choose from, so you can give your dog the very best. And just because you have a bigger dog doesn’t necessarily mean you need larger treats.

Cost

Training a new puppy can take anywhere from 6 to 12 months. If you are training regularly, it can become quite costly. While ensuring you pick healthy treats, you should also know the overall cost. During initial training steps, try to find treat bags with a large quantity per bag. Average prices for dog treats range from $5 to $15, depending on the quality and ingredients. Finding the best dog delivery service may be handy as you research costs and treat varieties. Having a regular supply of dog food and treats at your fingertips will come in handy.

FAQs

Final thoughts on the best dog training treats

Training takes time and a whole lot of patience. Some dogs will catch on right away, while others might need a little bit more support. Regardless of your dog’s age or size, training is a great way to build a relationship with your dog and reinforce positive behavior. Our best overall pick to start building trust and a relationship with your dog is by using Zuke’s Mini Naturals treats.

The post The best dog training treats of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Among an overwhelming number of other life changes, over 23 million Americans adopted new pets during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. Since then, the country’s influx of animal ownership has frequently strained veterinarians’ availability and resources, causing some states such as Michigan and Indiana to ease restrictions on veterinary client patient relationships (VCPR) laws previously requiring an initial in-person, hands-on animal examination before prescribing many medications or treatments.

Now that pandemic restrictions are largely lifted, however, expert groups including American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) have begun urging a return to traditional VCPR regulations, arguing that telehealth can’t replace at least early in-person examinations from professionals. One of the country’s most popular online pet suppliers, however, is leading a concerted push to change that—despite many critics’ concerns. 

[Related: Outdoor cats spread disease and harm public health.]